ناصر پورمعلم

Transportation is one of the key bases of sustainable and balanced development in human societies and in fact transportation networks have closed relationships with economic, safety and social justice. In recent years, various transportation organizations in the world, used the potential of intelligent transportation systems to improve safety of different spaces of transportation. On the other hand traffic safety of outside-city roads is still a cause of concern for these roads users. This study also shows that there is a direct relation between road intelligent transportation systems in the case study road of Esfahan-Murchekhort with accidents rate in roads and affectability on drivers’ behavior. Therefore, this thesis uses statistical modeling with the help of statistical analyzer softwares to represent a mathematical model of relationship between independent variables related to intelligent transportation systems function and dependent variables which is accidents rate to evaluate the importance of these systems in safety of outside cities roads. . It should be noted that according to performed studies, drivers’ behavior while observing the speed-control systems, the traffic number counting systems and other systems were the same for 90% of the drivers in the road and result in providing safety in the road.

Increasing population growth on the one hand and the growth of transportation industry on the other have had numerous positive and negative impacts in societies. This issue has led to an increase in the volume of traffic demand in road networks and has hence increased the number of road accidents. Research shows that a large number of accidents are caused by the human factor and the vehicle factor. By using vehicle-to-vehicle communication systems and turning static conditions (off-line) into dynamic conditions (on-line), the present study attempts to turn the human factor and the vehicle factor into the intelligent human and the intelligent vehicle, respectively, and reduce their effects on the occurrence of accidents. According to Statistics, a significant percentage of freeway accidents are rear-end crashes, in which human error has the greatest effects on such collisions. Although it is obvious that the use of such communication technologies enhances the safety level of roads, the quantitative and analytical insights of the increase of safety resulting from the use of VANETs in freeways has not been investigated yet. This study offers a new method for investigating the role of vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) in reducing the number of front-to-rear accidents in freeways by reducing drivers’ reaction time. In so doing, by using the micro data of the traffic flow in the I-80 freeway of the NGSIM project, drivers’ behavior in a specific time span was analyzed; and by using indices of assessment of safety of emergency breaking (UDM), the safety of drivers at each moment was investigated. The results of data analysis reveal that the use of VANET communication networks can reduce the percentage of vehicles’ exposure to danger in the chase process from 68% to 15% by reducing drivers’ reaction time.

Accidents and traffic security have become serious issues in our country, to the extent that most of the people and authorities are severely concerned about them. On the other hand, research shows that human factor has the most important role in the occurrence of accidents. According to the records, only %1 of all accidents in Iran are resulted from "vehicle malfunction" and “immunodeficiency of the roads”; while other events, directly or indirectly, are caused by human wrong operations. Analysis of various factors shows that the human factor is not an element, but is characterized by three axes: (1) drivers and pedestrians, (2) planning and legislation and (3) control factors. In this paper, approaches to develop transportation and traffic security through teaching traffic behaviors to road users are investigated in the framework of three scenarios. Also, the solutions for improving safety, traffic and transportation through culture and education have been investigated. Moreover, the behavior of road users has been studied in the form of these traffic scenarios. In scenario No. 1, the importance and the role of traffic culture and behavior in the development of traffic flow is investigated and the process of AHP is used to investigate the decision making processes about the improvement of traffic culture and behavior. In this scenario, the importance of culture together with the role that it plays in improving the safety and facilitative factors of transportation is evaluated. To this end, “improving traffic behavior and culture alongside of the improvement of transport safety and facilitation” is intended to be the assumed target. Therefore, all the factors and parameters effective on the improvement of traffic behavior and culture are the statistical variables in this study:•The training method (culture)•The enforcement of traffic laws and regulations variable•The variable of social and psychological factors•The variable of rescue coordination centers and road safety management methods [8]The Statistics used in this study is derived from published collections of “Traffic and Safety”, affiliated to the “Deputy of Traffic Police” and the "Traffic Control Center" of the city of Tehran. Analysis of the data has been conducted using the Expert Choice software and Analytic Hierarchy process.In scenario No. 2, the effective factors on traffic culture in the viewpoint of police officers and municipal authorities are investigated. In this part, the effective factors on the traffic culture have been studied from the viewpoints of the police administrators and officials together with those in the municipality of Najaf Abad in 1391.The three main and effective factors on the improvement of traffic include:•Cultural-social factors•Technical-financial factors•Organizational factorsIn scenario No. 3, the process of determining Isfahani citizens` educational needs with regard to traffic in the city is discussed. The purpose of this study was to determine the educational needs of citizens of Isfahani citizens in case of traffic. The research population of this research consists of all seven-year-old and above citizens, mostly residents of the 3rd, 6th, and 9th regions of the city of Isfahan in the time of the study. A number of 384 individuals from different educational backgrounds, various ages and different genders and jobs have been chosen; their opinions were collected and then analyzed using SPSS software.Discussion of Results & Considering the given results from the above scenarios, the following points can be noted:From the analysis of the factors involved in improving safety in the first scenario, it can be concluded that inclusive education to different casts of the society with a weight of approximately %50, plays the highest role in improving traffic safety.The factors of “imposing strict regulations”, “re-education and re-test courses”, “control of social- psychological factors” and the “road safety management” after the “inclusive education”, each, respectively, has its own contribution to the improvement both in the safety and facilitating of transportation. Therefore, addressing these factors should be given priority on the agenda of any administrator or cultural planner.•According to the results of the second scenario, the degree of cultural-social factors, together with the organizational, technical and economic factors—effective on the traffic culture—have given out more than the average level (3) from the viewpoints of police officials and municipal administrators.•The most important cultural-social factors, from the viewpoints of police officers, go to the observance of driving principles and rules with an average of 4.48, respecting the rights of citizens with an average of 4.32, considering the police commands with an average of 4.32 and teaching citizenship culture to elementary students with an average of 4.32. And the lowest average goes to the periodic meetings for city drivers with an average of 3.16.•In the directors and officers of the municipality opinion, the highest mean score goes to the compliance with the principles and rules of driving with an average of 4.34, citizenship teaching to elementary students with an average of 4.32, respecting other citizens rights with an average of 4.21, and the lowest mean goes to the periodic meetings for city drivers, averaged 2.56.•The results of the third scenarios show that 58.4 percent of respondents assume that the education of traffic rules is very much essential; therefore, it should be noted that both men and women know that the notion of training the needed traffic do’s and don’ts to the citizens is very much essential.•The effectiveness of the rules is dependent on three parameters: (1) up-to-date rules, (2) fair act, and (3) knowledge of the rules, and that the old rules, which lose their balance against the modern day traffic violations, bring about opportunities for traffic violators. The supportive laws for the pedestrians have prepared grounds for the abuse of the laws and have led to many complications.•The performance of the police and security forces is also a considerable issue. Lack of police capabilities (hardware and software, human resources) and the state of the accuracy of police actions, dealing with the culprits and the ability in applying law and rules fairly (studying the accidents and finding the guilty driver), the degree of the credence given to the priority of “prevention” to the “confrontation”, the lack of police equipment and other resources have led to a feeling of police weakness among traffic users and drivers, drivers who lack this conformity with the norms of society and thus only conform to the rules when they are under police control. •Knowledge of the law is one of the contributing factors in traffic behavior. In defining the term “violation” and classifying it, some of these violations are rooted in lack of information about the rules. This lack of traffic information includes both the users (drivers, pedestrians and passengers) and the law administrations.

Evaluation of the turning coefficients estimation using dynamic matrix of origin - destination (OD) with macroscopic attitude, for an accurate analysis of traffic light phasing in the framework of an intelligent transportation system (ITS) at three levels is provided. These levels are the process of data collection and classification, data processing, and process of introduction and notification of information by the Kalman filter method (KF). Several intersection in Tehran were examined. Delay time is the main factor describing the function of a scheduled intersection. Delay models are defined based on controlling variables of intersection and traffic flow characteristics. This study sought to provide a delay time model for Tehran intersections with respect to the saturated and under saturated modes, input and uniform random input modes, and conformity with intelligent and non intelligent control systems. Continuous model is analyzing based on HCM-94. The results are related to the continuous model. In this study, delay time is used as an indicator of evaluation.

Traffic accident, as a world concern, is a distress and is expanding in developing countries. It is determined as one of the four main threatening factors of human health by UN and WHO. Planning for driving safety improvement requires concentration on two main topics: engineering safety and management safety. Based on experiences in different countries, safety management with the aim of coordination and resembling activities among responsible organizations is essential to reach sustainable safety in driving. Iran's successful experience at macro-management in driving safety has been achieved after establishing Road Safety Commission (RSC) in 1382. After establishing RSC, the members reached to a single agreement for their planning and specific plans were prepared and implemented. These plans include call preparation of Road Safety Strategic Plan (RSSP), accident data bank plan preparation and analyzing, execution of special plans in special holidays and planning coordination between members to implement safety plans in road networks. Compared to the third developing plan, the number of accident fatalities decreased 3.7% during the fourth developing plan. Also, fatality per 10/000 vehicles index decreased more than 40% during the fourth developing plan. The present paper, while reviewing driving accident statistics, illustrates the results of successful driving safety management.

Due to the safety of Rail transportation, Investigation on characteristics andphenomenon which causes accidents has an important role, in order to enhance thesafety of rail transport and, in turn, reduce the rate of accidents.According to the rail accident statistics, among all factors causing train accidents,derailment has the biggest share, which can be because of human errors, track androlling stock deficiencies, etc.Investigation and technical analyses of these factors will be complicated, because ofthe quantitative/qualitative relationships.Investigation on available derailment results indicates that a few numbers oftraditional analytical models have been used. Herein, limited capability of thesemodels such as being one dimensional, taking not into account all factors involvedand complexity in behavior description can be clearly observed. Regarding theimportance of the current situation in the derailment investigation, in this research anew combined intelligent Neuro-Fuzzy model has been developed.This study has simplified the quantitative/qualitative behavior description forderailment, prepared and simplified a practical and more accurate quantitative/qualitative evaluation to achieve multi-dimensional decision making evaluationmodel, by using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). This research hasdeveloped a method of operation based on human factors. Regarding the results,analyses of the developed N-F model make a foundation for a more comprehensiveaccident management system.

Roads, humans and vehicles are the three major factors in road traffic accidents occurrence. Road geometry, as one of the fundamentals of the road environment, has a key role in reducing human errors. The treatment or elimination of black spots has a great influence in safety promotion, reducing the number of road traffic accidents, and, subsequently, diminishing damages. In this paper, the process of analysis and assessment includes: 1) accident location identification, 2) costs of damages, and3) remedial works.Based on statistical analyses and assessments, engineering economics techniques and hierarchical methods were carried out. As a case study, Shiraz–Isfahan corridor, which is an important arterial road in Iran's road network, was chosen. The results are as follows:1- Calculation of the accident costs shows the fact that the average costs of a fatal accident is approximately 5 times the costs of an injury accident and 9 times the average of damage accidents.2- The statistics and data confirm that %20 of accidents occur in the accident-prone places (black spots). This represents the importance of treatment and investment for safeguarding critical and accident-prone points in the roads.3- The average of Benefit/Cost ratio (B/C) in executing safety improvement projects in Shiraz–Isfahan corridor is 20.3, which shows the strong economic feasibility of such projects.4- The ranking for implementation of safety projects in a multi-criteria decision making model is based on the number of accidents.5- According to the accomplished analyses, the points and locations with more traffic volume have more priority for the implementation of safety projects.

The model of urban development which is based on the policy of T.O.D is an efficient one in reducing the negative consequences and costs of transportations. This model is based on the occupation and population increase in the areas near to public transportation stations. Writers in this article talk about the effects of transit oriented development on efficiency of subway stations and in the end present a proper model for it.