نعمت عزیزی

Heritage constitutes a prominent part of Ahmed bin Alwan’s poetry due to his love for heritage on the one hand and his desire to communicate with his Islamic audience and the Arab intellectual on the other hand. Therefore, he used inheritance in a collection of poems. This study attempts to shed light on the evocation of inheritance and its aesthetic and semantic role in his poetry through by using a descriptive-analytical framework. It examines the numerous manifestations of intertextuality in the poetry of Ahmed bin Alwen as he draws on heritage in its various types in his collections. Intertextuality was divided into types: Qur’anic and narrative intertextuality out of which religious intertextuality evolves. There are also three types of artistic intertextuality: dialogic, absorptive, and ruminate. The poet used religious intertextuality for many purposes, the most prominent of which was the sanctification of some figures such as Idris (peace be upon him) and   Ahl al - Bayt. The poet’s utilized religious intertextuality to reveal ancient Islamic glory with the aim of linking the nation’s present with its antiquity.

Literary semiotics examines the role of linguistic signs in the creation of a literary work and reveals its semantic core by discovering the work's semantic structure. Charles Sanders Peirce is one of the pioneers of semiotics who, by presenting his three-dimensional model for signs, provides a precise critical method for analyzing literary works. In his view, signs arise from the interaction between the three components of representation, subject, and interpretation. Sinan Anton is an Iraqi poet whose peace and anti-war themes are among the most frequent poetic themes in his poems and uses linguistic signs in creating his themes. The present study attempts to express the formation of rhetorical signs related to peace and anti-war based on Peirce's semiotic theory and to analyze the role of the three components of signs in completing the concept of these signs. The findings of the study show that signs in Anton's poetry consist of the triangle of representation, subject, and interpretation and have three sub-signs within them. First, a qualitative sign that shows the nature of some visible events, and then it expands with a detailed sign and a description of the tense and war-torn atmosphere of Iraq and the practical experiences of Iraqis regarding bombing, destruction, fear, and insecurity, and its concept is completed with a general sign and the poet's attitude towards the category of war and peace.

Semantic deviation is one of the artistic and literary tools and methods that, the poet creates innovation in his style of expression and poetic language.. Farzan Sejoudi is one of the famous researchers in the field of semantic norm avoidance, who by combining his views with the views of other theorists of norm avoidance, especially Leach, has given this literary technique a local form and identity, and has divided the types of semantic norm avoidance into two parts, visualization and abstraction, and a regular pattern provided to literature researchers to analyze poetic texts with it. Sanan Antoun, a famous Iraqi poet and writer, is one of the poets of modernism, who has used various semantic deviations to create his own poetic language. The present study tries to investigate the types of semantic deviance in the poems of Sinan Anton based on the theory of Farzan Sajjudi and explains the role of signs and the interaction between them in the formation of semantic deviance in the poems of this poet. Based on the findings of the research, Anton creates a set of signs in the text of his poem with the help of the artistic capacities of animalism, anthropomorphism, plantism, reification and kinetic, and with the help of the game of signs, he deviates from the rules of the standard language and creates a semantic deviation in his poems. The innovative aspects of his poetry strengthen the meaning and give abstract concepts such as war, death, enmity, life, love, peace and altruism a sensual and physical dimension.

Comparative literature is an academic field dealing with the critical study of the literary relations between nations that, sometimes, are manifested among the fictional masterpieces of the world. One of these masterpieces is the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, an English novelist and essayist who skillfully expressed his desired political situation and social themes in allegorical language in the novel and influenced the literature of other countries in various ways. Among the world-famous novels translated into different languages is Zayni Barakat, written by the Egyptian writer Gamal al-Ghitani and published a few decades after Animal Farm. The subject matter of the two novels is the occurrence, deviation, and hypocrisy of the rulers of the revolution but the main question is what thematic similarities there are between these two novels. The results of this research indicate that the two novels have thematic similarities in eight aspects: realization of revolution, explanation of laws, autocracy of leaders, establishment of repressive forces, populism, suppression of opponents, use of religion as a tool, and finally, transformation of revolution. Based on the American comparative literature approach and a descriptive-analytical method, this study tries to present a comparative analysis of the two novels.

In the modern era, the United States of America has been the cause of warfare and tensions in various countries through its interventionist policies. Palestine is a country that has been subject to the interference of the US; by providing arms and diplomatic support for the occupying regime of Israel, the US has brought about a variety of sufferings to the people of Palestine. This has led to the reaction of Palestinian poets against the actions and policies of the US. These poets have been striving to offer a comprehensive visualization of the US through their poems.

Visualization is a common term in the old and new Arabic criticism through which poets attempt to visualize a certain subject using a variety of techniques. Techniques derived from old rhetorical sciences including simile, metaphor, and allusion as well as the new techniques such as symbols, niqab, etc. Using these techniques, the poet seeks to convey a subject with maximum influence. Meanwhile, the contemporary poetry of Palestine has been the reflection of developments of a country in which numerous enemies have interfered following its occupation. These poets hold the US accountable for the majority of warfare and global issues, resulting in their attempts to visualize these notions within their poems.
Examinations showed that there has been numerous studies conducted in the area of visualization in Poetry; in a paper titled, “Visualization Methods and Psychological Implications of Modern Arabic Poetry in Yemen” (2012) written by Khalid Valid Hassan al-Gazali, first the concept of poetic imagery is expressed and then samples of simile, embodiment, mystery, and qena’a in contemporary poetry of Yemen are analyzed. In another paper titled, “The Image of Mayakovsky in the Poems of Abdulwahhab Bayati and Sherko Bekas” (2012), the authors including Khalil Parvini, Hadi Nazari Monazzam, and Kaveh Khezri conducted a comparative examination of poetic imagery within the works of Abdulwahhab Bayati and Sherko Bekas. In his Master’s thesis titled, “Poetic Imagery of Azzedine Mihoubi” (2010), Abdulrazzaq Belqais from Buzaria’a University (Algeria) examined the concept of poetic imagery within the old and new criticism followed by an investigation of the most important poetic imagery including mystery, myth, simile, etc. in poems of Azzedine Mihoubi.
Subsequently, given the absence of any inquiries on the techniques used in contemporary poems of Palestine to visualize the US, it is a new subject which involves scientific innovations and demonstrates the necessity of conducting the present study.

With the purpose of examining and describing how the US is visualized in the works of Palestinian poets, the present study seeks to particularly investigate symbols and niqab as the most important techniques used to visualize the US within the modern Palestinian poetry using the descriptive-analytical method. To this end, samples taken from works of poets including Mahmoud Darwish, Sumaih al-Qasim, Fadwa Tawqan, Shafiq Habib, Raed Salah, Ahmed al-Muflah, Muhammad Siyam, Aref al-Sabah, Abdulhalim Abu Aliya, Yousef al-Khatib, and Ibn Khaniyous.

In this study, a variety of diwans[1] by prominent Palestinian poets such as Kamal Qanim, Raed Salah, Ahmed al-Muflah, Shafiq Habib, Muhammad Siyam, Aref al-Sabah, Sumaih al-Qasim, Fadwa Tawqan, Abdulhalim Abu Aliya, Mahmoud Darwish, Yousef al-Khatib, and Saleh Farwanah were examined. In the poems written by these poets, the US has a very destructive, negative image which are visualized in a variety of forms using different techniques.

These poets have offered such imagery using different techniques such as symbols and niqab; the US is symbolized as crocodiles, dogs, crows, wolves, vipers, and worn ropes so as to visualize the nature and main features of the US as a hypocritical, disgraceful, ominous, brutal, and dissolute nation and to show its tyranny and early collapse. The slaughter of Palestinian children on one hand and the condemnation of such cruelty by American authorities on the other hand are reasons why the “crocodile tears” was used as a symbol of the American hypocrisy. Dogs are regarded as a symbol of disgraceful Americans who have infiltrated the untainted sanctum of certain lands, while the crow symbolizes their ominousness and denotes the destruction caused by these people. The wolf is a symbol of their brutality in mass murders during wars, particularly in the Iraq war. The viper signifies the tyranny of the US who has devoured the entire world. Finally, the worn rope is a symbol of the early collapse of any covenants between the US and the occupying regime of Israel which is soon expected to break down.
Niqab is another technique employed by Palestinian poets to visualize the US. The US presidents were masked with images of Nero, the tyrant emperor and the insane Roman, in order to demonstrate their war-mongering attitude and Kaiser-like insanity in a broader sense. The Mongol Hulagu Khan is another niqab associated with the US which signifies the barbarity of the US against other nations, especially Iraq. The severity and multitude of the US’s offenses against other nations have resulted in these poets to associate the mask of Mars, the Roman God of War, with America to point out the country’s thirst for warfare, having gathered all of its focus on conflicts and hostilities. The tempting Satan is another mask associated with the US to point out its deceptive policies; policies through which it is attempted to entice Palestinians to leave their own lands.
Not only did the contemporary Palestinian poets have offered such imagery with respect to the interference of the US in Palestine and its arms and diplomatic support of Israel, but also with regards to the long, destructive Vietnam War, two wars in Iraq, interference in Cuba, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the slaughter of Native Americans, the slavery and torture of black people, etc.

[1]. A collection of poems

After Iraq being attacked by the American Army and its allies in March 2003, many of poets of this country, using the triple heritance of religion, history, mythology and literature, tried to fight the invaders by reviving and applying the triple heritance. The most applicable of such heritance can be perhaps, the public awareness and knowledge of this country in relation to its present conditions. This in turn invites people to Jahad. Moreover, expressing the intensity of murdering, the increase of obligatory immigration, praising and reprimanding Arab authorities, taking pride in the past and a warning for a dark future can be considered as various methods that the ancient Arabic-Islamic heritance used by Iraqi poets in 2003 to 2010.

The Iraqi occupation by the US and UK-led forces in March 2003 is considered to be an important contemporary event. This occupation brought about major political, social and economic transition on this piece of land. Undoubtedly, literature of this period could be a real mirror of destruction and bloody massacre by the occupying forces. Iraqi poets attempt to portray the true and brutal face of invaders and their attempt to exploit oil sources in the name of bringing democracy and freedom for the Iraqi nation.To show their motives, poets use specific expressions including symbol and icons hence’ using wolves and pigs symbolize bloodshed and insurrection. They also try to use repugnant and detestable characters like Holako, Abrahe and Abu Ragal for crystallizing usurpers and their manipulations in Iraq.This article tries to discuses and highlight dramatic transition in Iraq during its occupation (2003 -2009).