سیدمحسن موسوی

To assess the status of Iranian high school graduates’ occupational preparedness in comparison to that of Turkish and Malaysian students, the high school Chemistry textbooks used in these three countries were content analyzed in terms of the job preparation indices contained in the instrument. The instrument used was deemed valid by experts. The results show both similarities and differences between the three groups based on which Malaysians rank first and Iranians last. In all three sets of textbooks more emphasis is given to “knowing and exploring job opportunities” than other indices, while “hands-on practice” was the least emphasized index. Malaysians are second to Turks only in “exhibiting appropriate behavior while working”, although they rank first in terms of attending to critical thinking, creative thinking, and group work.

The differences and intellectual schools of Qom and Baghdad have been significant and controversial issues since the 4th century AH. Sheikh Ṣadūq and Sheikh Mofīd, as two main figures of these two schools, played roles in mutual scientific activities. Numerous disagreements between these two Imami scholars have been reported by experts and researchers. The level of reported disagreements is sometimes minor and sometimes significant and general. Studying the remaining texts of these two Shia scholars raises many questions in the researcher's mind. Among them is why, given Sheikh Mofīd's discipleship under Sheikh Ṣadūq, there is such considerable disagreement and opposition between them. Another point is the literature governing the discussions, which is full of harsh addresses and expressions, sometimes leading to scientific accusations. Indeed, if Sheikh Mofīd was truly a disciple of Sheikh Ṣadūq and the remaining texts were written by him, why is there such conflicting and opposing literature between them? This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, re-examines the meaning of Sheikh Mofīd's discipleship under Sheikh Ṣadūq through the analysis of texts narrated from Sheikh Ṣadūq by Sheikh Mofīd. As a result of the analyses in this article, it is concluded that the issue of Sheikh Mofīd's discipleship under Sheikh Ṣadūq is questionable, and he can be considered one of several narrators who received permission to narrate from Sheikh Ṣadūq.

Allegorical Interpretation (Tawil) is one of the important issues of Quranic sciences, interpretation and theology, which plays a significant role in better understanding of verses and traditions, especially those related to divine names and attributes. Knowing the meaning of interpretation and interpretation in the works of the past has an important effect on better understanding of their works and also unraveling the method and style of their works. By considering the existing works and sources, it is clear that the meaning of interpretation is separate from interpretation, and from this point of view, the design of each of these cases in the works of the past is another angle of importance. In the present article, an attempt has been made to analyze Sheikh Sadouq's views on interpretation, interpretation and examples of his interpretations in the works left by him. Sheikh Sadouq has used interpretation in most of his works, and his dominant method in this regard is the verbal method. According to Sheikh Sadouq, interpretation has the meaning of cause, philosophy and why; In addition, in some cases, tawil has been used in the meaning of lexical explanation of the word or words in the interpretation and explanation of hadiths. The article is a descriptive-analytical report of the reflection of interpretation and interpretation in the works of Sheikh Sadouq.

Compilation is one of the common methods of compiling hadiths through the collection and classification of hadiths, which dates back to the first centuries. Throughout history, you can find hadith books that have the word "comprehensive" in their title, and some others without the word "comprehensive" in the title have been considered as comprehensive hadith books in terms of the content and characteristics of the book. "Mishikheh Ibn Mahbub" is one of the books that Najashi calls it comprehensive. , we have come across such a claim that Mashikhah is part of the comprehensive books, that is, according to the characteristics of its content, it is one of the hadith communities. Shia has been. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate the validity of the claims made about the comprehensiveness of the book by knowing the nature of Mashikhah. Each of the corrected versions of this work is considered an independent collection. The following article finally states that according to the structural and content criteria in the definition of hadith societies, as well as considering the way Shia narrators write commentary

The elderly have different needs, conditions, talents and abilities. It is a healthy and righteous society, which imposes different rights and rulings for all classes according to their conditions and characteristics, especially the elderly who once built the society but today have become physically disabled; Therefore, as the most important group, they should be taken care of, and the government should establish special rights for them due to the services and efforts of these people. In this article, by examining the hadith jurisprudence of the narration of "Abi Hamzah on the authority of a man who reached Ali bin Abi Talib (pbuh), he said: The blind man asked Ali bin Abi Talib (pbuh) what is this?" Do you use it until it is forbidden to use it?! The rights of the elderly in Islamic society have been examined. This article is a descriptive and analytical method by using library sources and examining the verses and narrations and the formation of a hadith family. It was determined that even though this narration is transmitted, there are many other narrations in support of it,

This study explores the integration of artificial intelligence and nanotechnology, examining how artificial intelligence techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks, enhance the efficiency, precision, and scalability of nanotechnology applications. Main artificial intelligence This study examines the integration of artificial intelligence and nanotechnology, focusing on how AI techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, and neural networks, enhance the efficiency, precision, and scalability of nanotechnology applications. Key AI applications in nanotechnology include accelerating nanomaterial discovery and design optimization, improving drug delivery systems, and utilizing AI-driven nanosensors for biological and environmental monitoring. Furthermore, AI is applied to predict material properties, supporting innovations in energy. This study also assesses the challenges, opportunities, and potential of AI and nanotechnology integration for transformative progress in fields from healthcare and materials science to environmental sustainability. Ethical issues, including algorithmic bias, data privacy, and societal impact, are discussed, highlighting the necessity for transparent regulations and ethical frameworks to ensure the responsible application of AI-driven nanotechnology.

Today, resilience, especially occupational and organizational resilience, has become one of the important components of economic and social development. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the challenges of job resilience among the police forces of Lorestan province. The research method is qualitative and data analysis is done in the framework of grounded theory. The studied population was all police personnel working in Lorestan province who are officially engaged in service. The sampling method was purposeful and theoretical, and theoretical saturation was achieved by conducting interviews with 21 people. By coding the data, 438 open codes were extracted, which were further classified into 15 cohesive categories based on the shared meaning. The findings show that the central phenomenon of this study is "occupational and status incompatibility". The causal conditions governing this phenomenon include three categories: "income dissatisfaction, time and work instability, and regressive understanding of the police role". The ruling platforms are also "management/policy bottlenecks, social role incompatibility and work/home conflict". Intervening conditions on the central phenomenon are also defined as three categories: "imperfect performance evaluation, relationalization of positions and increase of illegitimate stimuli at work". The strategies adopted against the central phenomenon are the adoption of "secondary and double employment, indifference and surrender, and unprofessionalization of employment relationships" which results in consequences such as "disturbance in organizational empowerment, behavioral violence and the reduction of police authority and the emergence of interactions We are an informal network. The results of this study showed that it is necessary to reduce occupational and status incompatibility by adopting optimal organizational procedures, such as permanent performance evaluation and reducing their temporal instability, and in this way improve their psychological, social, organizational and economic resilience forgive.

In line with university expectations to produce, commercialize, and transfer technological products, this study aims to identify and analyze the requirements and obstacles for developing a technology market at Farhangian University and to provide an appropriate model.

The research is applied and employs a mixed-exploratory method. In the qualitative section, 15 experts (managers of science and technology parks, innovation centers, knowledge-based companies, and Farhangian University managers and professors) were purposively sampled. In the quantitative section, cluster sampling was used to select 378 managers, professors, and students from Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Zanjan, Isfahan, and Khuzestan.  Research tools included semi-structured interviews for the qualitative part and a researcher-made questionnaire for the quantitative part. Qualitative findings were analyzed using content analysis and MAXQDA10 software, while SPSS26 and AMOS24 were used for the questionnaires. Tool validity was confirmed by 10 experts, with interview reliability verified through intra-subject agreement and triangulation, and questionnaire reliability calculated with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.95.

In the qualitative section, 3 axial codes for requirements with 35 open codes (infrastructure and resources, policy-making, and research and development) and 6 axial codes for obstacles with 49 open codes (cultural, informational, educational and curricular, policy and legal, structural/administrative, and facilities and services) were extracted, and the conceptual model was drawn. The quantitative analysis indicated the model's appropriate fit.

Given the significant impact of the identified requirements and obstacles on the development of the technology market, Farhangian University needs to consider these factors in its policy-making and planning.

Some hadiths transmitted from the Infallible Imams elaborate on and elucidate abstruse words (gharīb al-alfāẓ). Among the pioneering scholars who collected and categorized these hadiths was al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq. Various studies have been conducted on the typology of hadiths found in some works by al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq concerning abstruse words. This research aims to provide a comprehensive typology of these hadiths by examining all the works attributed to al-Ṣadūq available to us. The data collection method employed is library-based, and their examination follows a descriptive-analytical approach. Findings suggest that the explanations provided by the Infallibles regarding abstruse words, as compiled in the works of al-Shaykh al-Ṣadūq, encompass the rationale behind their designation, illustrative examples, both literal and contextual meanings, transcending their surface meanings, the influence of rational principles on their interpretations, considerations of the semantic spirit within Arabic literature, and the conceptual elucidation of abstruse terms. The exploration of diverse interpretations of these words in these hadiths offers a means to resolve and reconcile conflicting narratives within various Islamic denominations.

Research on human bahavoir and attitudes has always been the subject of debate throughout history. The social sciences undertake the study of the ever-changing nature of human behaviors and actions. Due to the human's creative agency alongside their rationality, attaining a comprehensive understanding in this domain is often met with skepticism. Moreover, the social sciences have inherent limitations and uncertainties, particularly concerning the researcher's role within the rsearch process. Consequently, many scholars have criticized prevailing methodologies, prompting the development of diverse research techniques within the social sciences. Among these, critical ethnography emerges as a particularly potent and innovative method. This article attempts to examine the ontological, epistemological, and methodological foundations of critical ethnography.

Methods and Data: 

 This study employs a documentary research methodology.

Critical ethnography, with its distinctive technique of participant observation, opens avenues for a broad spectrum of data collection methods, ranging from photography and mixed media to discourse analysis. This flexibility allows researchers to select methods that align with their preferences and project needs, fostering the potential for new and intresting insights.

The application of critical ethnography enables researchers in the social sciences to maneuver among dominant paradigms and leverage their capabilities through pragmatist insights, utilizing ethical emic approaches, thereby enhancing sociological understanding and insight, which, of course, is entirely critical in nature.

This research investigates the educational teachings embedded in the verse of Istirja', specifically verse 156 of Surah Al-Baqarah. The educational implications derived from this verse are organized into six essential dimensions: possibilities, principles, methodologies, objectives, dimensions, and factors influencing education. The objective of this paper is to extract and analyze these dimensions through a descriptive-analytical lens, emphasizing educational interpretation. The results reveal that the verse of Istirja' underscores the potential for human education, which is essential for recognizing monotheism and the concept of resurrection. The verse utilizes various methods, including the provision of insight, reminders, encouragement, self-suggestion, modeling, and nurturing a love for servitude within the educational framework. It encompasses multiple dimensions of education across cognitive, emotional, and psychological aspects, particularly emphasizing rational, belief-based, ethical, and social education. The educational objectives identified from this verse include cultivating patience in adversity, recognizing human servitude, and understanding that material possessions are divine trusts. Additionally, the verse articulates several educational principles, such as a focus on God, adherence to divine guidance, rational thought, and the exchange of the finite for the infinite. Influential factors in education inferred from the verse include the will of the Almighty, trials and tribulations, and the presence of educational role models. The findings of this study are significant for interpretative research, particularly regarding methodological approaches to interpretation and their implications for educational sciences.

Shaykh Tabarsi posited that the differences in Quranic recitations (qira’at) arose subsequent to the Quran’s revelation. Employing a narrative-driven methodology, he aimed to ascertain or, at the very least, favor the recitation that was divinely revealed. His evaluation of recitation preferences was neither simplistic nor prejudiced; on occasion, he prioritized alternative recitations (qira’at) over those attributed to Ahl al-Bayt (AS), substantiating his selections with rationale. Nevertheless, he predominantly viewed the recitations of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) as more precise and preferable for a variety of reasons, which this study intends to investigate. The objective of this research is to present a novel framework for favoring recitations from Tabarsi’s perspective, one that has not been documented in other literature, and to analyze it in light of the numerous pertinent examples found in his exegesis, Majma’ al-Bayan. The central inquiry is: What criteria and foundational principles does Shaykh Tabarsi primarily utilize when determining the correct recitation, and what are the underlying reasons? This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach to scrutinize Shaykh Tabarsi’s narrative-based methodology in selecting the correct recitation, particularly focusing on the readings of Ahl al-Bayt (AS). In addition to elucidating this methodology, the article addresses its importance from Tabarsi’s perspective and illustrates its application with examples and the rationale behind his preferences. Ultimately, through an analysis of Tabarsi’s commentary and his interpretations of various verses, it is concluded that Shaykh Tabarsi places significant emphasis on the narrative-based approach and the readings of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) in his selection of the correct recitation. For him, the hadith and narrations of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) serve as the paramount and most conclusive criteria in the realm of Quranic recitation. This conclusion arises from the fact that, among all recitations, the readings of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) rescue an individual from doubt in choosing the best recitation, as they are based on credible and universally accepted sources—namely, the narrations, the Quran, and consensus—which identify Ahl al-Bayt (AS) as the best models and inheritors of the Prophethood. Thus, relying on their recitations is the best option for selecting the correct recitation.

Shaykh Ṣadūq has his specific methods and criteria for semantic analysis of the Gharīb (unfamiliar) terms in the field of hadith in general, and in the area of interpretation and semantics of vocabulary in particular; recognizing his methods and criteria in the semantic analysis of Gharīb words in the Holy Quran and the sayings of the impeccable Imams (AS) leads to the discovery of new approaches and the presentation of a more precise image of his methods and criteria in semantic analysis. Among his remaining works, one can find some of his views. The present study aims to observe and discover the types of explanations of Gharīb words in the thoughts of Shaykh Ṣadūq. To this aim was used a descriptive-analytical method and data collection is library-based. The result indicated that he used methods such as: Utilizing Shia theological arguments, defining examples for words, leveraging Arabic culture and literature, interpreting Gharīb words according to the companions, followers of the Imams (AS), and his scholars, highlighting grammatical points, using the sayings of the impeccable Imams (AS), stating all semantic aspects of a word, and preferring one meaning over others. Through his specific criteria, Shaykh Ṣadūq has been able to reach the core meaning and interpretive significance of Gharīb words.

The study of Quranic recitations pertaining to the term “ʿAbada” in verse 60 of Surah al-Ma’idah highlights a significant variation among the reciters. Notably, in the phrase “ʿAbada al-Ṭāghūt,” only Hamzah opted for the reading “ʿUbuda,” while other prominent reciters preferred “ʿAbada.” This variation stems from a semantic distinction influenced by the grammatical function of the term. Hamzah interpreted this word as a singular noun with a plural connotation, in contrast to the other reciters who associated it with “laʿanahu Allah” (cursed by Allah). The objective of this study is to explore the differences in Hamzah’s interpretation relative to the other seven reciters concerning the recitation of this term, and to ascertain whether Hamzah’s reading was derived from ijtihad (independent reasoning) or from a process of discovery, unlike the other established reciters. This research employs a descriptive-analytical approach to investigate the term “ʿAbada” within the contexts of lexicography, Quranic recitation literature, and exegetical texts. The results, derived from this methodology, indicate that the analysis of recitation variations in similar verses can bolster the argument that Hamzah, among the seven reciters, exercised a certain level of discretion in his recitation choices, which often align with specific principles and regulations, reflecting his distinctive ijtihad. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of Hamzah’s recitation of “ʿAbada” as reported by Ibn Masʿud and al-Aʿmash—his teachers—against the recitations of other reciters reveals that Hamzah’s recitation in Kufa stands apart from others. Additionally, investigating the differences in recitation within this verse, particularly regarding the roles of the conjunctive and the conjoined elements, emphasizes the necessity of accurately identifying the conjoined element in Quranic recitation, which carries substantial implications for the interpretation and translation of the verses.

Climate change and global warming, caused by the increase in the concentrationof greenhouse gases, have garnered significant attention across various national and internationalsectors. The emission of greenhouse gases has long been recognized as one of the most pressingenvironmental issues, sparking widespread concern. Since the Industrial Revolution, the demandfor energy and the consumption of fossil fuels have escalated, leading to increased greenhouse gasemissions. While the input and output of atmospheric carbon dioxide have traditionally remainedin balance with nature, human activities and carbon dioxide emissions have disrupted thisequilibrium in recent decades, giving rise to climate change and global warming.

There are various methods for measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide.Remote sensing technology, in particular, has emerged as a solution, overcoming the limitationsof ground-based measurement methods by offering continuous monitoring and global coverageof greenhouse gases. Despite the absence of ground stations for monitoring greenhouse gases inthe Middle East region, spanning 7,207,570 square kilometers, this study investigates the monthly,seasonal, and annual atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide using data from satellites suchas SCIAMACHY, GOSAT, and OCO. The study period spans from 2003 to 2020.

The findings indicate a significant increase in atmospheric carbondioxide concentration over the 18 years examined by all three satellites. In addition toexamining annual changes, this study also investigated seasonal and monthly variations inatmospheric CO2 concentration. The lowest concentrations of this greenhouse gas occurredduring the summer months, particularly in August and September, while the highestconcentrations were observed during the spring months, specifically in April and May.Furthermore, the analysis of differences in atmospheric CO2 between seasons revealed the mostsignificant changes from spring to summer, with an average decrease of 6 ppm. Conversely,the highest increases in atmospheric CO2 between seasons were observed from summer toautumn, with a recorded average increase of approximately 4 ppm.

This research indicates a notable increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration in theMiddle East region from 2003 to 2020, accompanied by seasonal and monthly fluctuationsconsistent with global trends of this greenhouse gas. This long-term rise in greenhouse gaslevels can lead to various detrimental effects in the region, including temperature escalation,alterations in rainfall patterns, heightened drought severity, and damage to natural ecosystems.Consequently, the socio-economic stability of the region could be jeopardized, impactingagriculture, water resources, human health, and biodiversity. To effectively manage andmitigate greenhouse gas emissions, immediate action is imperative at both national andinternational levels. Such measures may involve promoting renewable energy sources,enhancing energy efficiency, curbing industrial pollution, advancing emission reductiontechnologies, and fostering regional and international collaboration in greenhouse gas reductionefforts. Moreover, public awareness campaigns and policy interventions are essential tomobilize stakeholders and facilitate the transition to a low-carbon economy in the Middle East,ensuring sustainable development and climate resilience for future generations.

The Polish education system has undergone significant changes since gaining independence from the communist regime in 1989, including alterations in school structure, curricula, teacher training, and professional development. Since 1990, the country has revised its teacher education standards four times, with the latest update in 2019. This study investigates teacher education policies in Poland, which have seen substantial reforms since joining the European Union in 2004. It explores the nation's policies concerning teacher training, student admission criteria for teacher training institutions, required academic courses, internship organization, practical teaching, teacher recruitment, employment, and professional development. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical research method, data were collected and interpreted based on predefined criteria aligned with the research objectives. Findings reveal significant changes in Poland's teacher education programs over the past two decades, including increased teacher salaries, expanded early childhood teacher training, enhanced teacher training and advanced education programs, and a focus on educational system issues. Pedagogical training plays a vital role in Polish teacher education, with prospective teachers mandated to complete supervised internships or independent teaching before employment for professional readiness. Key challenges in Polish teacher education include declining student numbers and the relatively older age of teachers compared to other European Union countries.

This research aimed to evaluate Iranian and Malaysian senior high school chemistry textbooks in terms of their correspondence with entrepreneurship components. The study employed descriptive method of content analysis type. The statistical population included 10th, 11th, and 12th-grade Iranian senior high school chemistry textbooks in the academic year of 2022-2023, and Malaysian grade 10 and grade 11 (4th and 5th levels) chemistry textbooks in the academic year of 2020-2021. Due to the nature of the study, complete enumeration sampling method was employed, and all content of the books, including text, images, questions, and activities, has been analyzed using Shannon's entropy method. Data were collected using a researcher-developed content analysis checklist, which was validated through expert opinion, and its reliability was confirmed through retesting (91% agreement). Findings revealed 191 and 172 references to entrepreneurship components in Iranian and Malaysian textbooks, respectively. Data analysis showed that in both countries, from among the five components of ‘creativity and innovation,’ ‘progress motivation,’ ‘internal control,’ ‘risk-taking,’ and ‘futurism,’ greater focus was on ‘futurism’ as well as ‘creativity and innovation.’ The least attention in Iranian chemistry textbooks was related to ‘progress motivation,’ while in Malaysian chemistry textbooks, it was related to ‘risk-taking.’ Shannon's entropy results indicated that in Iranian textbook, ‘internal significance’ received higher attention while in Malaysian textbooks, ‘creativity and innovation’ as well as ‘futurism,’’ were the focus of higher attention.

Children’s happiness is influenced by family relationships. Children’s daily interactions with their parents are now seen as a factor in their development. At the same time, the family is considered the most important field for children’s growth. The aim of the current research is to study the strategies of women who are the head of the household and non-head of the household in creating happiness in the family environment.

The present research method was qualitative and thematic analysis. Also, data was collected with 40 semi-structured interviews in Yazd city; 20 of the sample women was non-headed and 20 were female heads of the household. Also, targeted sampling with maximum variety was done. After collecting the data, coding was done with six steps of thematic analysis.The results showed that non-custodial women experienced the three final themes of affectionate parenting, self-satisfaction and holistic femininity.

Meanwhile, the female heads of the household had experienced the two final themes under the title of overall happiness and failure in happiness. As a matter of fact, female guardians try beyond their ability to meet the all-round needs of their children to create happiness in the family. According to the collected data, non-custodial women acted stronger in creating happiness in the family environment despite having a husband. But the female head of the household had to fill in the absence of the wife and sometimes she was unsuccessful in creating happiness.

It is concluded that the happiness of women and family can strengthen the morale in the family environment and subsequently promote the motivation of growth and development because happiness, as one of the dimensions of social development, is considered important to achieve the development of society.

Ilya Pavlovich Petrushevsky, a Russian orientalist and historian, has dealt with the issues of distortion about the Holy Qur'an with a new perspective. Petroshevsky, by referring to many famous orientalists such as Nöldeke, Hershfield, Goldziher, etc., who have spoken about the distortion of the Qur'an, has stated things that show his belief in the occurrence of the phenomenon of distortion in the Qur'an. The present research examines the book "Islam in Iran," focusing primarily on its third chapter entitled "The Qur'an," in a descriptive-analytical method, addressing the views of Petrushevsky on the possibility of distortion in the Qur'an and then tries to prove the non-distortion of the Qur'an. Some of the perspectives of this Russian orientalist, which are examined and criticized in the present study, are, the nature of the Qur'an from Petrushevsky 's perspective, the compilation of the Qur'an, abrogating and abrogated verses in the Qur'an, ḥurūf muqaṭṭaʿāt in the Qur'an, and the omission of Ali's name from the verses of the Qur'an. The results of the examination indicate that the views of these orientalists, like most orientalist studies, due to their unfamiliarity with the Arabic language, lack of access to authentic and reliable sources, have structural and content-related weaknesses regarding the nature and concepts of the Qur'an, one aspect of which is the belief in the occurrence of distortion in the Qur'anic text. This issue has been examined and criticized in the present study.

The issue of accurate understanding of the indicators and requirements of the Excellent Mosque: Elite Mosque" in modern Islamic civilization is necessary because it is considered as the first platform for self-improvement and socialization, as well as the first objective institution of Islamic civilization, and is emphasized by religious scholars, especially two leaders of the revolution. For this purpose, this article tries to identify the indicators and requirements of the " Excellent Mosque" in the process of realizing the new Islamic civilization from the perspective of two leaders of the Islamic Revolution. As a hypothesis and answer to the main question, it should be said that Ayatollah Khamenei's point of view is considered as a solution for the formation of the Excellent Mosque, with a detailed analysis of the civilizational basis of Imam Khomeini. The findings and results of the research based on the descriptive and analytical method indicate that the characteristics of the Excellent Mosque in the intellectual system of the Supreme Leader in the process of realizing the modern Islamic civilization and based on the civilizational basis of Imam Khomeini are: 1. The need to create spiritual and moral progress through the mosque.2. The necessity of creating a cognitional progress by the mosque with the following functions: A: School and place of education, B: Propaganda and awareness of public opinion, C: a base for contrasting cultural and religious invasion. 3. Necessity of creating jurisprudential progress by the mosque with the following social-political functions

Cognitive semantics examines meaning by relying on the human mind's information processing and categorizing linguistic concepts. In this method, words and especially letters carry the main meaning. Each main meaning is connected with secondary meanings and creates a radial network. Therefore, the letters in the texts, especially in the Qur'an, gain meaning according to the context. The primary meaning of the letter "ba" in the Holy Quran is attachment, from which other meanings of causation, help, emphasis, confrontation, modification and swearing can be derived. Using a descriptive-analytical method, the present study evaluates the uses and meanings of the letter "ba" in Surah Ma'idah in the Persian translations by Makarem Shirazi, Foladvand, and Elahi-Qomshei. According to the findings of the present research, these translators have focused mostly on the original and common meaning of the letter in the semantic network, i.e., attachment and superiority. The reason for this claim is that, for example, they did not convey the exact meaning regarding emphasis, and in most cases, instead conveying the emphatic meaning, they chose the traditional equivalent of "to", conveying the concept of attachment.

Child labor is a widespread phenomenon in many big cities of the world. But in the meantime, some small cities are also experiencing this phenomenon. The desert city of Meybod, with its Special history, in the heart of Iran, witnessing this phenomenon. With a population of 100,000 people, Meybod has a large number of immigrants and is experiencing rapid social, cultural and economic changes. The growth of immigration and the experience of rapid changes have occurred due to unbalanced industrial development in the last decade. The result of this situation is the expansion of the social consequences of this process, including the appearance of working children in this small town. For this reason, in this research, an attempt has been made to study working children at the intersection of unbalanced industrialization and the large body of immigrants. This research has tried to use methodological pluralism with a pragmatist paradigm by using of critical ethnography with the Carspecken approach. In the meantime, by using participatory and non-participatory observations, initial reconstruction was done in the data, and then dialogue-oriented data was collected with in-depth interviews. The main categories extracted from these interviews were presented in the form of categories including the solidarity of working children and the growth of industries, the spread of fake jobs, organized context, children's emotional labor, family exploitation, instrumentalization and traumatization, the cracked city, and the law in a coma. The results showed that working children are at the intersection of excessive immigration and unbalanced industrial development.