bashir seraji

Military power plays a significant role in stabilizing the political system of governments. Military ability and repelling political and religious threats during the Safavid period contributed to the continuation of their power. Among the wars that took place during this period, the Chaldean War is of particular political and religious importance. Many writings have been written about the warriors of this battle, but what has not been thoroughly analyzed and researched among the studies and writings is the role of the people who were present in the war in the guise of scholars and clergymen; those who had an active and prominent presence in various areas of the Safavid government from the very beginning. Their work was not limited to judicial affairs, administration of civil and religious affairs, and they also played a role in repelling military threats. The purpose of this research is to explain the role of Shiite scholars in the Battle of Chaldoran. Using a descriptive-analytical method and library resources, this article shows that scholars and clerics, like the Qizilbash, were present on the battlefield and held numerous roles, including commanding part of the Safavid army, and some of them were even killed. Therefore, their role should be considered as that of the Qizilbash.

After the death of the Prophet of God, one of the actions of the Muslim Arabs was to invade other lands, for various reasons and purposes, which is mentioned in the works of historians as conquests. Most of the existing accounts of the conquest of the lands have been compiled by historians of the Iraqi School of Journalism in books such as Tarikh Tabari and Fatooha al-Boldan al-Belazori. One of the topics mentioned in these works is the presence of the sons of Ali ibn Abi Talib in the conquests in Gorgan and Tabarestan. Regardless of its accuracy, this news has been repeated in subsequent works to the extent that it has undergone unsubstantiated additions and even a means to destroy the image of Islam and Shia by the opposition. The main issue of this research is the validity of reports based on the presence of Imam Hassan and Hussein in the conquests. It seems that the writers of the first centuries did not pay attention to the accuracy of the reports and it is not clear what their reasons were for publishing the reports. Authors who have repeated this news in the following centuries have also lacked a realistic approach. The present study has paid attention to the reports in the first sources and its reflection in the later works with a descriptive-analytical method and with a critical look.

Friedrich Schlegel is a German Orientalist who has contributed greatly to the linguistic and philosophical developments of nineteenth-century Europe and beyond by studying Sanskrit and revising the theories of people such as William Jones. His most important works include the book of Indian language and wisdom. This book, which deals with the origins of Hindu-European languages, plays an important role in the development of linguistics and the publication of Eastern literature in the West. Schlegel's attention to Hindi also led Orientalists to pay attention to the history of languages and to open a new chapter in Orientalism. However, in many studies Schelgel's role has been overlooked and his name has not been mentioned. The central question is how his work evolved in linguistics. Descriptive-analytical research has shown that Schlegel's work in this work has attracted the attention of many scholars and scholars by emphasizing the similarities of the origins of language, devising new methods in linguistics and proving the theories of earlier linguists.

Psikhan region was considered as one of the most important strategic points of the forest movement due to its special geographical location on the communication route from Rasht to Fumanat. Since the Jungles dominated most of the political life of the movement over the land of Fumanat, the geographical location of Pesikhan played an important role in the political balance of Rasht and Fuman, especially in the reciprocal attacks between the Jungles, the Russians, the British and government forces. He took, he played. Psikhan was so important because it was located in areas surrounded by swamps, rivers, forests, forests, and natural obstacles, that its occupation by the warring factions led to the capture of all of Fumanat or Rasht. The main issue of the article is what was the position of Pesikhan in the political and military developments of the forest movement? The authors try to study and analyze the geographical position of Pesikhan in the ups and downs of the jungle movement.

The Umayyads, as a ruling dynasty had a great impact on the history of the East and West of the Islamic world. Despite the existence of many sources about the lives of the famous people of this family, their lineage has received less attention. The main question is about the validity of the reports related to the authenticity or non-authenticity of their attribution to the Quraysh. Although the power and influence of the Umayyads was a great obstacle to mentioning things contrary to their well-known lineage in the sources of the first history of Islam, some Shiite scholars and historians claim that they have valid reasons and sources for rejecting this attribution. Nevertheless, the views of those in favor of their relationship with the Quraysh are more widely accepted in historical perspective. In this study, while quoting the reasons for and against this attribution, their arguments have been examined and analyzed by descriptive-explanatory method.

There are several reports in the form of first and second-hand accounts from Mollasara incident which led to the collapse of the Jangal Movement. This incident has been mainly recounted by two types of narrators: those reporting it by considering the events prior to and concurrent with it and others who have analyzed it in terms of its consequences or have only taken concomitant events into account. The narratives of both these groups, accompanied by some sort of leniency or superficiality, have caused ambiguity in the identification of the perpetrators, persons or factions, of the incident. The present study thus aims to examine the reports of Mollasara incident and the assassination of Haydar Khan Amo-oghli. The results of this descriptive-analytical examination show that although each report has its own defects, the incident could have been a function of deliberate or unwanted participation of various factions associated with the Jangal Movement. It appears that the offenders of Mollasara incident had something to do with the murder of Haydar Khan Amo-oghli and that the role of the agents of the British government is more noticeable than others.

The first civil wars between Muslims can be attributed to the period of government and the apparent province of Imam Ali. To explain the causes of these wars, the discovery of premises, the differences before this period, as well as to understand the spirit, morals, insights and visions, attitudes, intentions, and goals of the opposition are essential. The main issue of this research is how the aspirations of the prophetic society toward the worldly and hereafter desires. Well-being and ignorance seem to be the two main sides of this diagram. The purpose of this study is to retrieve the causes of inter-wars among Muslims. Since the Islamic community failed to maintain the unity of the prophetic age and left the channel of disagreement among Muslims, it is important to examine the causes and roots. The present study, with a descriptive-analytical approach, has focused on the roots of the wars, and also has a comprehensive view on the opposition groups of Imam Ali and prominents of the three popular wars of his region.

The Crusades had a profound effect on the fate of the West and the Muslim world. On these wars European, Ayyubian and even Seljuk sources are available. Among them, the works of renowned historians such as ʾImād Isfahānī's Fatḥ al-Qussī and Abūshāmma, author of al-Rawḍataīn, are the main sources of the most important military and political events in the history of Damascus and the Ayyubid period. The main question is how the two historians view the Crusaders and the Crusades, and to what extent their reports could be realistic. In general, these two chronographers seem to have focused on the narratives of war from the standpoint of power and superiority, and have recorded the reports with an idealistic attitude. Abūshāmma's work largely borrowed from ʾImād Isfahānī. In this research, attempted to describe and analyze these two works on the Crusades and their shared and unshared points through descriptive-analytical method.