dr. abdullah faraji

Floods are among the most common natural phenomena in different parts of the world and they have claimed many lives over the years and left irreparable destructive effects. The Khordad 1402 rainfall in Ardabil Province has caused extensive damage to property and the lives of people in urban and rural areas by destroying bridges and rural communication roads between northern cities of the province, destroying orchards and livestock farms, and destroying residential houses. Therefore, understanding the flood phenomenon and being aware of its effects are among the most important issues that should be considered in flood monitoring. There are various methods for flood monitoring, among which the use of applied techniques such as satellite remote sensing using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) provides good support for flood monitoring and reducing their effects on a global scale. Therefore, in this study, to determine the flood areas and the extent of the resulting water for Khordad 1402 in Ardabil province, SAR synthetic aperture images were used before and after the flood. For this purpose, in the first step, pre-processing operations were performed on the images in the SNAP software, in the second step, postprocessing operations were performed on the classified binary raster data in the ENVI 5.3 environment, and in the last step, and the final map was imported into the ArcGIS environment for conversion to a vector file and analysis. The results showed that based on the rainfall in June 1402, the flooded areas of the province were about 1603 hectares, with the largest area of flooded areas being in the north of the province, especially in Bilehsavar County with 593 hectares. In the study area, the most flooded areas were seen in grasslands and lands with a slope of less than 20 percent and an altitude of less than 1000 meters, which was influenced by various factors such as topographic features such as slope and lowland of the region .

Global land-use and land-cover pattern has greatly changed in the past years, which exerts considerable direct or indirect bearing on the climate change at both regional and global scales. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impacts of land-use changes on regional climate by linking them with temperature and precipitation trend using spatio-temporal analysis and statistical method. The relationships between the observed changes in land-use and temperature parameters in Khoy from 1987 to 2017 were examined. The results showed the following features: (1) The use of built-up areas in Khoy city has increased by 19328 hectares (20.74%) in a 30-year period. (2) The trend of changes in the two temperature parameters in the period 1987-2017 in Khoy is upward and increasing, but not very upward for the average temperature. (3) There is a positive correlation between minimum and maximum temperature ranges in this city with the increase in the number of built-up areas during the study period, but the correlation for the average temperature, was negative

Because of rapid urbanization, urban warming has become a serious problem along with global warming. In this study, the impacts of urbanization on minimum and maximum temperature variations were investigated in Iran's Northwestern urban areas. For this purpose, the meteorological (1987-2017) and urbanization data from the general census as well as the housing population (1365-1395) in conjunction with Pearson Correlation-coefficient and Mann-Kendall Test were used. Based on this test, a positive and significant trend was observed at minimum and maximum temperatures among urban stations. The analysis of decade's changes also shows the impact of urbanization on climate. The results of the relationship between minimum and maximum temperature with the number of population in urban areas are positive.The correlation between the minimum temperature in Khalkhal and Khoramdareh (small towns) was 0.8, in Maragheh and Khoy (average cities) 0.7 and Maximum temperature was 0.61 in Mahabad city and there was a significant relationship between the big cities of Ardebil and Zanjan At 0.7, 0.75, but in Urmia and Tabriz (a very large and metropolitan city), the population with a minimal temperature was relatively small, but maximum temperatures in both cities with a coefficient of 0.68, 0.61, indicating the significant role played by the urbanization on the urban climate. In small and medium-sized towns, significant changes were observed at minimal temperatures. At all stations, the demographic changes and the minimum and maximum temperature increases were observed. Major changes in the decades of 1375-1385 and 1385-1395, in which population growth is increasing.

To prevent the spread of COVID-19 epidemics, restrictions such as "quarantine" have been imposed worldwide led to significant changes in the environment, especially the air. The purpose of this study is to investigate the temporal-spatial distribution of pollutants (CO) and the effect of corona constraints on it. For this purpose, CO data was extracted from MERRA-2 satellite with monthly and spatial time steps of 0.5 x 0.625 with time coverage of 2015-20. Then, the data distribution was analyzed by ArcGIS software. In this study, in order to measure the effect of applying corona restrictions on the level of CO pollutants, the data related to the period of applying corona restrictions (July 2020) were compared with the corresponding months in the base period (July 2015-2019), then the control effect of synoptic systems and atmospheric factors for the distribution and dispersion of this pollutant were studied in the provinces that had maximum of this pollutant in Iran. The results showed that the monthly average of this pollutant decreased not only in the provinces that had the maximum CO anomaly, but also over the whole atmosphere of Iran. The results of synoptic factors of geo-potential height and vertical air movement at the level of 500 hPa showed that in both periods, synoptic conditions were the same above the atmosphere of Tehran, Isfahan and Khuzestan provinces, so the studied synoptic factors have no role in this decrease. Examining the factory closure and the average condition of vehicle traffic in some of the busiest roads of these provinces, a decrease in transportation was also observed. The decrease in CO during periods of economic restrictions can be seen as a positive message of COVID-19 for air quality.

Human health is influenced by weather variables in all circumstances, including atmospheric pressure, humidity and temperature around them. Based on climate hazard and climate changes, different parts of human life and economic and social strategies such as health, hydrological pollutants And agriculture had a profound effect, including the discussion of the effects of thermal stress on human health over the last few decades, and has become a major issue in the world's scientific circles. Heat and cold stresses, the exposure of humans to extreme heat and cold, are part of the extreme events, often encountered by people during daily activities or in the workplace, and affecting human physical activities. It is important that, if the body is not cooled through transpiration or cooling mechanism, severe deaths are inflicted on human health; therefore, the person has to reduce his activity in order to reduce the adverse effects of heat stress. Hence, many researchers consider the thermal stress component more important than other components in assessing human health.
In this study, using the physiological equivalent thermometer of PET thermal stress assessment and zoning of human thermal physiological stresses in Iran, with the length of the common statistical period from 1959 to 2011, and for the arsenal of thermal physiological stresses of Iran Forty stations have been used as representatives of Iranian cities. To calculate the physiological equivalent thermal temperature, all the effective meteorological elements in the human energy bill are measured at an appropriate height of climate biology, such as 1/5 meters above the Earth's surface. Data on climatic elements are provided by the Meteorological Organization of Iran. In the absence of data for some courses, linear regression method was used to reconstruct these missing data. After calculating the indices, the frequencies were also monitored and finally, using the GIS technique, the Kriging method of the study area was based on the frequency of occurrence of the indicators. Therefore, in order to achieve the results and objectives of the present study, software such as SPSS for data normalization as well as missing data was analyzed and analyzed using Ray Man's model based on meteorological elements to calculate the equivalent thermal physiological temperature of humans. Also, using the GIS software and Ordinary Kriging method, the best interpolation method was used to zon the human cysiological stresses.
Today, in the planning of human health and comfort, the study of the physiological thermal stress plays an important role. In this regard, weather conditions can be used in the long-term planning of climate and in the short term planning of atmospheric conditions. In the present study, using the thermophysical Thermal Equivalent Thermal Index (PET), the climate climatic Atlas of Iran was prepared on a monthly basis. Calculated values for 40 stations in the country with a total statistical period of 52 years (1959-2011) were prepared. The results of this study showed that the spatial distribution of the physiological equivalent thermal temperature index in the country follows the altitudes, roughness and latitude. Accordingly, the low values of the indicator, which relate to the stresses of the cold, are consistent with the high and mountainous regions as well as the high latitudes, and vice versa, the thermal stresses occur in low and low elevations, as well as low latitudes, which of course, severe heat stresses occurred in the summer. Because throughout this season, the entire country of Iran is dominated by high tidal altitudes at high and low levels of ground pressure (1000 hp) with its warm and dry air, causing extreme heat and The term effects of heat waves on humans, heat loss, thermal contraction of the muscles and skin dryness, infectious or skin diseases, inflammation, sunburn, dizziness, fatigue, and mortality due to an increase in allergies can be mentioned. Significant differences in the environmental conditions of the mountainous masses of Kerman, Yazd and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces with their surrounding areas or low and low northern areas, and especially the Moghan Plain and Sarakhs plain, located in the upper latitudes of the country The issue is that the role of elevation in spatial distribution of the country's climate is much more colorful than factors such as latitude and longitude. The results of the analysis of the monthly thermal physiological stress maps showed that in terms of the area without tension, the march of the month with 47/8% of the area (778424/2km2) is in the first place and has the most favorable environmental conditions, The moon with 43/5 percent of the area (709275/2km2) is in the second position and also in March with 22.6 (359128/9km2) in the third, August and the last month. The highest thermal stresses (29 <PET) occur in August. In this month, 99/9 percent of the country has a thermal stress. The months of July with 90/4% are in the second, June and September respectively with 90% and 70% in the following ranks; Azar and Bahman, respectively, with 69 and 65/1% in the second and third places respectively have. The study of spatial variation coefficient of thermal physiological equivalent temperature index in different months showed that July with a change coefficient of 13/12% had the least spatial variation in the country, and in the month of January, the amount of these changes even reaches 55/55%. Also, based on clustering in Iran, there are twenty three distinct subfield thermal physiological stresses. The geographical dispersion of the territory of these tensile areas shows that the difference in Iran's thermal stress is mainly due to latitude and elevation. This difference becomes more apparent when we ignore the slight differences in these thermal stress areas and categorize them in larger groups. In this case, seven major physical physiological stresses are observed in Iran. The main thermal physiological stress regions differ in terms of seasonal stresses, while the subsoil physiological stress regions reflect differences in the received stress ratios on a monthly scale.