h. ebrahimi

The optimal position and minimum support stiffness of a vibrating Timoshenko beam are investigated to maximize the fundamental frequency. The Finite element method is employed. The intermediate support's ideal position and minimal stiffness for a wide variety of slenderness proportions were achieved after validating the finite element model with the Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko model's analytical solution. It was observed that the ideal position of intermediate support and its minimum stiffness are sensitive to the slenderness ratio. According to the maximum-minimum theorem of Courant, the optimum position is at the zero of the second mode shape function (ZSMS). Also, it was observed that for thick cantilever beams with intermediate support at the optimal location, the minimum support stiffness is less than 266.9, which was reported in the literature for the Euler-Bernoulli beam. The minimum stiffness of familiar end conditions of an optimally located beam is presented for a wide range of slenderness ratios. Since, in many practical applications, it is impossible to locate support at the optimal position, the minimum support stiffness for a beam in which its intermediate support is not located at the optimal position is obtained for various boundary conditions and slenderness ratios.

In this study, electrographite brushes were produced from petroleum coke and coal tar pitch via the powder metallurgy method, and the effect of petroleum coke particle size and applied compacting pressure were investigated on the green density, hardness and, the graphitization process. The results showed that an increase in the density of the raw sample and the hardness of the final product occurred due to a decrease in particle size by increasing the milling time up to 4 h. Additionally, an increase in both density and hardness of the sample was observed as the applied compacting pressure was increased up to 150 MPa, where no alteration in the obtained values was observed with a further increase in the applied pressure. As a result of increasing the milling time and applying the optimum pressure, the density of the raw sample increased to 1.41 g/cm³ and the hardness increased to 81 Shore C. The results also proved that the average particle size of the used petroleum coke and the applied compacting pressure do not have an influence on the graphitization process.

In the current study, a new numerical algorithm is presented to solve a class of nonlinear fractional integral-differential equations with weakly singular kernels. Cubic hat functions (CHFs) and their properties are introduced for the first time. A new fractional-order operational matrix of integration via CHFs is presented. Utilizing the operational matrices of CHFs, the main problem is transformed into a number of trivariate polynomial equations. Error analysis and the convergence of the proposed method are evaluated, and the convergence rate is addressed. Ultimately, three examples are provided to illustrate the precision and capabilities of this algorithm. The numerical results are presented in some tables and figures.

Today, health care systems are focused on the patient. The level of patient satisfaction with the quality of nursing care received is one of the main components of quality management in the hospital system. This study aimed to determine the satisfaction of inpatients with the quality of nursing care in the internal wards in medical training centers affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.

This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted with the participation of 197 eligible patients in 2018 in seventeen medical wards of hospitals affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Patients were sampled using a proportional random method. Data were collected using standard tools. Data analysis was done with spss software version 13 and descriptive and inferential statistics.

The total average satisfaction of patients is 187.31(21.76) from the range of obtainable scores (41-287) and the highest average satisfaction score is related to the respectful treatment of the nurse with the patient and the lowest score is related to the conflict between the words of doctors and nurses.

In this study, patients' satisfaction with nursing care was average. The lowest score was related to the conflict between the words of doctors and nurses that with the planning of nursing managers and doctors, a step can be taken to improve the quality of nursing care and patient satisfaction.

This study is focused on assessing the effect of energy storage system (ESS) presence on security improvement of power systems hosting remarkable renewable energy resources. To this end, ESS presence is suitably included in security-constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) model; the required technical amendments are hence considered. To launch a realistic model, ramping constraints of thermal units are also taken into account which limit the generators from completely responding to power shortfalls. Considering a high penetration level of renewable generations, different scenarios of outages in transmission lines and generators are simulated to measure the line outage distribution factor (LODF) and power transfer distribution factor (PTDF). also, in order to illustrate the economic impact of wind power generation curtailment and load shedding, two penalty parameters VWC and VOLL are considered in the model. Two test systems, including a PJM 5-bus system and an IEEE 24-bus RTS, are put under numerical studies to assess the possible impact of ESS on security improvement of the investigated systems. The obtained results are discussed in depth.

Oral cancer is a major public health problem worldwide and is among the ten most common cancers. Despite the advances in research and treatment, oral cancer is still one of the major challenges in medical science. Common treatments for this cancer include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, as well as adjuvant photodynamic therapy (PDT). The aim of this study was to evaluate oral cancer and its treatment methods with an emphasis on the use of adjuvant PDT. The present study is a review performed by searching the articles published in the past 20 years (2000-2020) in Elsevier, PubMed, Springer, and Wiley databases with “oral cancer”, “photodynamic therapy”, and “treatment modalities” keywords. Research shows that PDT can be an effective way to treat oral cancer due to its few side effects and minimal invasion. However, accurate evaluation of the efficacy of PDT requires further studies.

Solar radiation plays an important role in surface energy balance and agroclimatic studies. In order to estimate daily global solar irradiance, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was used and compared with extended Angstrom Prescott model using 11-years data (2007-2017) climatic data of 6 meteorological stations across Iran namely, Mashhad, Kerman, Shiraz, Yazd, Zanjan and Bandar Abbas. The daily weather data including sunshine duration(n), Relative humidity (RH%), Dew point temperature (Td), water vapor pressure, maximum/Minimum air temperature, mean air temperature, cloudiness and soil temperature were used as inputs of ANFIS model to estimate the daily solar radiation, as the output. Performance of two models was evaluated using t-student index. According to the results, ANFIS model did a better job in estimation of solar radiation comparing to Angstrom-Prescott model as it showed closer agreement with observed data. For evaluation of each model’s skill in estimating solar radiation at daily and monthly time scales, the statistical indices of RMSE, MBE, r, t were used .Finally, the obtained values of t-test statistic of radiation estimation using ANFIS model, in Kerman, Mashhad, Shiraz, Zanjan, Yazd and Bandar Abbas station in daily time scale were 4.78, 7.52, 3.25, 2.20, 93.3, and 0.26, respectively. The corresponding monthly values were 0, 0.29, 0.59, 0.44, 0.21, and 0.20 respectively. Similarly, the t-index of radiation estimations by Angstrom model compared to observations for daily time scale were also 20.16, 36.31, 28.90, 2.39, 34.91 and 49.96, respectively. For monthly series, t values were 6.74, 9.53, 4.68, 0.59, 8.38 and 9.71, respectively. According to the findings of this study, the nonlinear modeling process of ANFIS model improves the estimation of solar radiation compared to the Angstrom-Prescott method.

Transplanting or pot culture has been mentioned as a promising approach to increase crop yield and decrease irrigation water use in recent years. Using simulation models to assess pot culture is a valuable way in investigating the effect on yield, water consumption and other properties of crops such as soybean. For this purpose, several pot culture levels (seedling sizes) plus direct sowing were evaluated in soybean using SSM-iCrop2 for four different sowing dates in Gorgan, Iran. Seedling sizes were 13, 18, 24 and 29 cm2 per plant leaf area and at 200, 250, 300 and 350 °C cumulative temperature, respectively. Sowing dates were June 10 (early), June 25 (usual), July 14 (late) and July 27 (very late). The results of simulation showed that direct seed planting method at late sowing date (14 July) and all treatments at very late sowing date (27 July) are not feasible and cannot be recommended due to disturbance that cause in sowing of next crop in double cropping system of the region. Transplanting method at early (10 June), usual (25 June) and late planting dates resulted in earlier maturity. There was no significant difference between two methods regarding seed yield at early and usual planting dates, but at late planting date transplanting method resulted in higher yield compared to direct seed planting method. Seedling size had no significant effect on yield. In addition, there was no significant difference among sowing methods in all planting dates in terms of net irrigation requirement of soybean. It was concluded that transplanting is only preferred at late sowing date for its higher yield, but considering the higher production costs of this method compared to direct sowing, it is necessary to find some cost-effective measures before pot culture could be adopted by farmers.

Sea cucumber is an important component of the food chain in temperate ecosystems and coral reefs and plays an important role as a poultry eater and has antiviral, anti-cancer and anti-tumor properties in addition to oral administration and in the pharmaceutical industry. It has many uses. This creature swallows sediment on the bottom of aquaculture ponds and is in fact considered as a natural pond for ponds, so it can be grown on shrimp farms individually, thereby accelerating its growth and shrimp and Increasing production per hectare, and ultimately, further boosting the shrimp industry in the region and the province. The study and study of species diversity among marine resources, especially for species that are artificially reproduced or reared, such as sea cucumbers, will be of particular importance in the stabilization of their natural reserves. Color variation in sea cucumber varieties that include green, black and red affects their taste quality and market value, so the need to study and study the biodiversity of these species, especially genetic diversity studies. There are areas where reservoir restoration activities are being undertaken in the field of sea cucumber reserves.

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is the most common cause of facial muscle pain. This study sought to assess the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and low-level laser (LLL) for treatment of MPS in comparison with a sham laser control group. In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 55 MPS patients between 18-60 years old were randomly assigned to TENS, LLL (810 nm) or sham laser group. At the onset of treatment, 500 mg of methocarbamol and 250 mg of naproxen t.i.d. were prescribed for 10 days as the standard treatment protocol. Tenderness and pain of major muscles of mastication, minor muscles, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) were evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS). Maximum mouth opening and deviation and deflection of the jaw were also evaluated before and one month after the intervention. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test and non-parametric Dunn’s test. Pain severity (VAS score) in the masseter, lateral pterygoid, and trapezius muscles (at the side of greater involvement) significantly decreased in both TENS and LLL groups after the treatment. In the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and anterior temporalis muscles, significant pain reduction only occurred in LLL group. Mouth opening significantly increased in TENS group and decreased in LLL group. TMJ pain significantly decreased only in TENS group. Both TENS and LLL were efficient for treatment of MPS; however, the efficacy of TENS was found to be slightly higher than that of LLL.

Water recourses planning in the arid and semiarid areas which are faced with water restrictions, both in quality and quantity, is very important, yet it is too difficult. Utilizing targeted low irrigation can be one of the approaches to deal with water shortages. According to their regions and physiological conditions, various plants show different reactions to water shortages. This survey in the form of the perfect randomized block program contains 9 different levels of irrigation in 3 repeating times on the SC704 corn cultivars had been applied in 2012 at the Islamic Azad University Golbahar branch farm in Mashhad. samples contain 7 levels of irrigation (11,12,13,14,15,16,17) respectively equivalents to 120%,100%,90%,80%,70%,60%, and 50% of the plant water requirements, and two other levels based on the soil water depletion(SWD)(19 and 18 respective irrigation when 50 and 70 percent of the corps capacity moisture depleted).results indicate that change in the amount of water consumption, directly affects the crop performance. Also, targeted water shortage by optimized and low water consumption, can have more suitable performance on crops production. The highest plant height is related to the sample11 and equals to 209 cm and the least of them is related to the sample 17 and equals to 32.5 tons in per hectare, and it happens when the irrigation of about 50 percent of full water requirement has done. The results indicate that the efficiency of water consumption (seed performance) in samples that irrigation takes place based on the soil humidity is higher than the other samples.

Ghanats are water structures of Iranian invention. Groundwater extraction is transferred by Ghanat, with the force of gravity and from underground and away from the evaporation. Structure of Ghanats created in Iran was changed from the used state to unused state, and the resistant structures or Kaval were used in order to prevent the destruction of structure of Kariz. The aim of this study is the optimal shape design of Ghanat Kaval using finite element method and particle swarm optimization. For this purpose, first, 3D modelling of Kaval and it’s around element was implemented in ANSYS software. Then, optimal shape design of Kaval was achieved using particle swarm optimization and linking it to ANSYS software. Weight of Kaval was considered as the objective of optimization problem, and the geometry parameters of Kaval were design variables. Also, stress of the body Kaval (compressive and tension stresses) was considered as constraint. The optimum results were shown that particle swarm optimization had high performance in the optimal shape design of Kaval so that the weight of Kaval in comparison with the existent Kaval was considerably decreased.

Snow is one of the main elements of hydrological cycle of the mountainous basins. In the basins، snow runoff plays the main role of the river flows. Although there are snowfalls in the eastern highlands of the country، the effect of this kind of hydrological element is different from the western areas. The goal of the study is to investigate on the effect of simulated runoff on the flowing water balance parameters in the BAAR NEYSHABOUR basin. To reach the goal، the counted discharge of ARIYE hydrometric station located onBAAR River is used and to count the rainfall، BAAR-ARIYE evaporation center is utilized. Counting term is about 30 years. Water years of 1975 to 1989 for simulating and calibration and the verification are happened from the years of 1995 to 2009. The consequences show that، despite the simplicity، WASMOD model is able to simulate the runoff even by low receiving data. So the mentioned model can be used in the basins with the low available data. The capability of the model was studied in two ways، and the results suggested that the model with the effect of snow is more related to the reality. Modeling is possible even with no regard to the snowfall. Basic runoff conduction under the effect of the snow is nonlinear as well.

P i l e s h a v e b e e n u s e d f o r m a n y y e a r s a s a t y p e o f s t r u c t u r a l f o u n d a t i o n. T h e d e s i g n o f p i l e f o u n d a t i o n s a n d e s t i m a t i o n o f s t a t i c p i l e b e a r i n g c a p a c i t i e s، b a s e d o n m e a s u r e d s o i l p r o p e r t i e s، h a v e b e e n i m p r o v e d c o n s i d e r a b l y o v e r t h e y e a r s. H o w e v e r، d u e t o i n h e r e n t s o i l u n c e r t a i n i t i e s a n d d i s t u r b a n c e s، t h e r e i s a l w a y s a n e l e m e n t o f u n c e r t a i n t y a b o u t t h e d e s i g n c a p a c i t y. T h e r e f o r e، m o s t t h e o r e t i c a l a p p r o a c h e s h a v e b e e n m a i n l y b a s e d o n s i m p l i f i c a t i o n s a n d a s s u m p t i o n s. T h e c o n e p e n e t r a t i o n t e s t (C P T) i s c o n s i d e r e d a s o n e o f t h e m o s t u s e f u l i n s i t u t e s t s f o r t h e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f s o i l. D u e t o t h e s i m i l a r i t y b e t w e e n t h e c o n e a n d t h e p i l e، d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e p i l e c a p a c i t y f r o m C P T d a t a i s a m o n g i t s e a r l i e s t a p p l i c a t i o n s. T h e m e a s u r e d c o n e r e s i s t a n c e $ (q_ {c}) $ a n d s l e e v e f r i c t i o n $ (f_ {s}) $ u s u a l l y a r e e m p l o y e d f o r e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e p i l e T i p a n d s h a f t r e s i s t a n c e s، r e s p e c t i v e l y. O v e r t h e l a s t f e w y e a r s o r s o، t h e u s e o f a r t i f i c i a l n e u r a l n e t w o r k s (A N N s) h a s i n c r e a s e d i n m a n y a r e a s o f e n g i n e e r i n g. I n p a r t i c u l a r، A N N s h a v e b e e n a p p l i e d t o m a n y g e o t e c h n i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g p r o b l e m s a n d h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d s o m e d e g r e e o f s u c c e s s. G r o u p m e t h o d o f d a t a h a n d l i n g (G M D H) t y p e n e u r a l n e t w o r k s o p t i m i z e d u s i n g g e n e t i c a l g o r i t h m s (G A s)، a r e u s e d t o m o d e l t h e e f f e c t s o f e f f e c t i v e c o n e T i p r e s i s t a n c e $ (q_ {E}) $ a n d c o n e s l e e v e f r i c t i o n $ (f_ {s}) $ a s i n p u t p a r a m e t e r s o n p i l e T i p r e s i s t a n c e، b y a p p l y i n g s o m e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y o b t a i n e d t r a i n i n g a n d t e s t d a t a. 29 p i l e c a s e h i s t o r i e s h a v e b e e n c o m p i l e d، i n c l u d i n g s t a t i c a n d d y n a m i c l o a d i n g t e s t s، p e r f o r m e d a t s i t e s، i n c l u d i n g C P T s o u n d i n g. T h e p i l e e m b e d m e n t l e n g t h s r a n g e f r o m 9 m t h r o u g h 31 m. T h e p i l e T i p r e s i s t a n c e s r a n g e f r o m 0. 4 M P a t h r o u g h 29. 4 M P a. A s e n s i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s o f t h e o b t a i n e d m o d e l h a s b e e n c a r r i e d o u t t o s t u d y t h e i n f l u e n c e o f i n p u t p a r a m e t e r s o n m o d e l o u t p u t. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s e n s i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s r e s u l t s، t h e p i l e T i p r e s i s t a n c e $ (r_ {t}) $ i s c o n s i d e r a b l y i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e e f f e c t i v e c o n e T i p r e s i s t a n c e $ (q_ {E}) $، a n d t h e v a l u e r i s e s b y i n c r e a s i n g q E v a l u e s. A l s o، f o r a c o n s t a n t v a l u e o f e f f e c t i v e c o n e T i p r e s i s t a n c e $ (q_ {E}) $، b y d e c r e a s i n g t h e c o n e s l e e v e f r i c t i o n $ (f_ {s}) $، t h e p i l e T i p r e s i s t a n c e i n c r e a s e s. P i l e t o e c a p a c i t i e s c a l c u l a t e d b y t h e p r o p o s e d m e t h o d a r e c o m p a r e d T i p c a p a c i t i e s c a l c u l a t e d b y f i v e o t h e r d i r e c t m e t h o d s. T h e p r o p o s e d m e t h o d g i v e s v a l u e s t h a t a r e m o r e c o n s i s t e n t a n d c l o s e r t o m e a s u r e d o n e s t h a n c u r r e n t m e t h o d s. T h e r e s u l t s d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e p r o p o s e d m e t h o d g i v e s v a l u e s t h a t a r e c o n s i s t e n t a n d c l o s e t o t h e m e a s u r e d o n e s.

Since the design of water systems in many countries such as Iran are according to water systems criteria of 50 years ago, this issue should be reconsidered on adaptability with atmospheric changes. Energy balance algorithm for the earth by using MODIS satellite images with interval of 10 days and spatial resolution of 250×250 meter was used, to estimate the amount of evaporation and transpiration of green landscape in Mellat Park of Mashhad. The evapotranspiration in Mellat park of Mashhad (per square meter) in the end of the growing season was about 1210.6 mm. In the other side, the values of reference evapotranspiration are calculated by the FAO 56 Penman-Monteith at the end of the growing season reached to 1563.3 mm, showing an increase of 22.5 percent compared to the estimated one. The relationship between evaporation and transpiration of the estimated plant was significant by FAO 56 Penman-Monteith in SEBAL Method, with the correlation coefficient of 0.7637. Using the relationship based on vegetation index is useful to make a connection between evaporation and transpiration of the estimated source plant (by method of FAO 56 Penman-Monteith) and the real evaporation and transpiration. RMSE and MAE decreased from 2.62 to 1.27 and 1.83 to 0.91 respectively. Therefore RMSE and MAE for the real estimated evaporation and transpiration was estimated by multiplying crop coefficients related to landscape and during entire growing season and was equal to 1.2 and 0.93 respectively.

Nurse’s competency plays an important role in achieving health system objectives. One of the problems in health care system in various countries is the level of nurses'' competencies. The aim of this study was to determine clinical competency and psychological empowerment of nurses and their correlation with demographic characteristics.

In this descriptive-correlational study، 170 subjects were selected through simple random sampling method among the nurses of social security hospitals in Tehran. Data was gathered by the questionnaire with three parts: personal-social characteristics، “Clinical Competency Questionnaire «and» Psychological Empowerment Spreitzer«. Validity and reliability were confirmed in previous studies. Data were analyzed by SPSS/13.

The highest mean score in clinical competency was seen in managerial capabilities dimension (44. 41±5. 8) and the lowest mean score also was seen in diagnostic procedures dimension (13. 94±1. 84). The highest mean score in psychological empowerment was in competency dimension (9. 4±1. 38) and the lowest mean score also was in independence dimension (8. 37±1. 72). In addition، there was a significant correlation between the number of staff in ward، educational status of nurses and some dimensions of clinical competency and psychological empowerment and also between the working experience in current ward and some dimensions of clinical empowerment and clinical work experience and some psychological empowerment dimensions (P<0. 05).

Based on the higher rate of managerial capabilities and diagnostic procedures، in opposite of nurses impact and independence، retraining programs، continuing education or in-service education programs for nurses، giving more authority and more responsibility to nurses can promote sense of independence in all nurses

Statement of problem:

 Psychosocial factors are thought to play a role in burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and several therapeutic approaches for BMS are based on this consideration.

This paper evaluated the efficacy of the combined systemic administration of citalopram and clonazepam, as anti-depressant and anti-anxiety drugs, in the management of burning mouth syndrome and reduction of the burning sensation.

In this cross-sectional study, 80 subjects suffering from idiopathic burning mouth syndrome were enrolled. The patients underwent a thorough clinical examination. Oral symptoms before and after treatment were assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale. The mean duration of burning in our patients was 7 months. Systemic combination of citalopram (20 mg/daily) and clonazpam (0.25 mg/daily) was prescribed for all of them for 8 weeks. Then, the data were analysed, using Student’s t-test.

Of the 62 patients who completed the protocol, 38 reported complete remission of the oral burning sensation. However, 20 patients reported a little improvement, and four of them reported no improvement.

These data suggest that citaloperam with colonazpam is effective in patients with BMS

Increasing the water use efficiency through promotion of sprinkler irrigation system, in order to increase production, has been the aim of the Ministry of Agricultural-Jihad in the past decade. Considerable amount of investment and efforts have been devoted to this end. Therefore, investigation of these efforts and development of models to predict the adoption behavior of farmers are of considerable importance. A survey research was conducted in four provinces (Fars, Bushehr, Kohkiloye-va-Boyerahmad, and Chaharmahal-va-Bakhteyari). A stratified random sample of 422 farmers was interviewed including 124 and 298 adopters and non-adopters, respectively. The findings indicated that the discriminant model developed based on the multiplicity model is a better predictor of farmers’ adoption behavior than diffusion and farm structure model. Application of multiplicity model in extension of sprinkler irrigation can increase the adoption rate and as result the efficiency of extension efforts.

Desulfurization of washed Parvadeh Tabas Coal by using Ferric chloride has been investigated, at different operating conditions such as; Concentration of Ferric chloride, particle size, temperature, acidity and residence time. The results show that, this method is capable of reducing only Pirit sulfur, in the range 25.48% to 90.5% (w/w), and total sulfur from 16.61% to 60% (w/w). This method shows no side effect on coke number and structure of the coal.