iraj esmaili

Delinquency is one of the severe social problems. Today, changing criminal behavior and reducing the way and method of delinquency is one of the most important challenges in the juvenile justice system.
Based on the cognitive-behavioral approach, this study used three principles of Red Cross and Red Crescent fundamental principles, three skills of basic life skills, and first aid skill. A group intervention in 13 sessions was designed for changing the attitudes of juveniles in conflict with the law and was implemented in juvenile detention centers in 5 provinces. Then, the efficiency of the model was evaluated. In this quasi-experimental study, two groups were compared as the pre-test, and then post-test. The statistical sample contained 127 boys with the age range of 12 to 19 years, who were randomly selected among delinquent juveniles in the mentioned centers. The reliability and validity of the researcher-made and normalized questionnaires were examined and confirmed by the opinions of experts and statistical methods.
There were significant differences between the experimental and control groups in humanity, impartiality, and voluntary services as well as the sum of fundamental principles and first aid skills, self-awareness, problem-solving, and anger management scores. These significant differences suggest that the model can develop these scores.
This model is effective in improving knowledge and skills and changing the attitude of delinquent juveniles. Based on the findings of this study, a model was designed, using three principles of the Red Cross society, basic life skills, and first aid skills that can be effective in changing the attitudes and behavior of people in the juvenile detention centers. This finding is consistent with the studies and similar experiences at this level and requires additional longitudinal studies to investigate its effects on the frequency of recidivism, arrest, trial, and return to the center or imprisonment.

Since in countries like Iran where drug abuse rate is high، this can be troublesome in working environments and barracks. Thus the study aimed to assess the effectiveness of life skills teachings on attitude change towards drugs among conscripts in Tehran prisons in 1389 solar year (2010). According to the objectives data collection method، this study is both practical and experimental in which there is a case group and a control group. The selected conscripts were put in three groups: 1- training group (65)، 2- inner control group (64) and 3- outer control group (67). After ten session of training and based on the findings، the comparison of the three groups indicated the following General attitude towards addiction (p-value = 0. 001) Attitude towards drugs (p-value = 0. 001) Attitude towards drug abuse reason (p-value = 0. 001) Attitude towards the personality of the addict person (p-value = 0. 004) Public attitude towards addiction (p-value = 0. 001) Attitude towards detoxification (p-value = 0. 001) Attitude towards escape from addiction (p-value = 0. 011) Attitude towards addiction as a solution in life (p-value = 0. 007) has been changed and it is statistically significant. According to the results of the present study، intervention and teaching life skills affects the conscripts attitude، and can play important role in reducing drug abuse in the society.

Cataract is opacity of the lens that distorts the image projected onto the retina and that can progress to blindness. Behind rheumatoid arthritis and coronary artery diseases, cataract is one of the prevalent factors causing disability in the aged people. It could be mentioned that cataract causes 50% of people's blindness all over the world. The aim this study is evaluation of age related cataract among the patients referring to ophthalmology centers. This is a descriptive, mono variable and mono group study. The samples included in this study were 322 patients who were suffering from age related Cataract. Sampling method is based on the availability and the purpose of the study. Data (individually predisposing, environmental, systematic and other factors in patients’ profile) were collected through filling questionnaire and interviewing samples. The majorities of the samples were 65-75 years of age, housewives, BMI 25-30 kg/m2, illiterate and had insufficient monthly income. Chi square test indicated a significant relationship between the age of the patients, and their siblings who were suffering from cataract, wearing sun hat, Hypertension, taking Aspirin and Atenolol, high blood urea and creatinine, foods (animal fat, red meat with low fat, cereals) (p<0/050). Moreover, there was significant relation between gender and BMI, cigarette smoking, space of work place, wearing sun hat, Radiation Hypertension, Hyperlipedemia, Rheumatoid Arthritis, using supplementary, Atenolol, Statines and blood creatinine (p<0/050). The results of this study were same as previous studies. The study indicated significant relation between age related cataract and individual, environmental, systematic factors, some of drugs (medicines) and increase of blood urea and creatinine.

Preface: Most of the people, who are incarcerated, are considered as competent labor force and in the most of the times they are young people of the society and they would return to the community after serving a period of conviction. Promoting health condition in prison population and effective use of imprisonment period is a safe way to rehabilitate the prisoners. Harm reduction programs begin with supporting “a group of people who have risky behaviors or can not quit drug abuse or do not like give them up”. The philosophy of harm reduction is based on pragmatism theory. In fact harm reduction paradigm is focused on the individual risky behaviors reduction. The practical principles of this paradigm are based on empowerment of risky personalities. Harm reduction defines the pattern of substance abuse as a range, from negative consequences for abusers and society to abstinence. The first part of this six months study was cross-sectional and the second phase of it has been conducted as a longitudinal survey in six months period. To study the objectives and to collect the data, a demographic questionnaire andSF-36 questionnaire has been used. In three different prisons Evin (27 person; 10.8%), Rajaeeshahr (88 person; 35.2%) and Ghezelhesar (135 person; 54.0%) were selected. According to the data the prisoners who received the Methadone treatment during this 6 months, have been improved in Physical Function (p<0.010), Bodily Pain (p<0.003), Mental Health (p<0.019), Vitality (p<0.001), General Health (p<0.017) and Social Function (p<0.041) dimensions quality of life status significantly. There were not seen any improvement in Role Physical (p<0.0710 and Role Emotional (p<0.313) dimensions. In a look, it is obvious that the harm reduction measures which have been taken for prisoners under the coverage of Methadone treatment will be effective in improving their quality of life conditions.