javad amani

As one of Iran's main goals, the revival of the Islamic golden age requires excellence in various power components. Scientific and technological progress has a vital role because, besides having soft power, it is the driving force for strengthening other components. The history of the emergence of the Iranian elites indicates that wars and political dictatorships weaken the flow of knowledge but cannot diminish scientific efforts. However, intellectual suppression has prevented the emergence of elites in various periods. Therefore, tolerance can support scientific authority and the revival of the Islamic-Iranian civilization.Although the current construction of tolerance has its roots in the thought of Western philosophers (e.g., John Locke, Sir Thomas Hobbes, John Stuart Mill, and Francois Voltaire), it can be traced back to various cultures and specifically in the Qur'an and Islamic religious tradition as God's universal mercy, Prophet's kindness, and the desire for peace and dialog. Among Islamic thinkers and mystics, many emphasize tolerance and pluralism in Islamic thought within the framework of the interpretability of Shariat and the multiplicity of paths to reach the truth. In the history of Iran and the Islamic world, tolerance institutionalizes peaceful coexistence and provides an opportunity to expand transcendental ideas. Pre-Islamic Iranians often had numerous and close ties with religious minorities, but this solidarity stopped after the rise of Islam with the intensification of conflicts between different religions. Although the imposition of the official religion continued to deepen the crisis, with the beginning of the Shiite rule of Buyid in Iran in the fourth century, tolerance was promoted as the cornerstone of the flourishing of Islamic civilization, with Avecinna and Abu Rayhan al-Biruni as pioneering elites. This process was not continued in the following centuries by the Ghaznavid and Seljuq rulers, leading to the decline of Islamic civilization, which ended with the Mongols' invasion. The Mongol rulers also adopted a tolerance policy given their foreign identity, resulting in the emergence of elites such as Jamshid al-Kashi and Kamal Khujandi and preventing the scientific collapse in Iran. During the Safavid dynasty - especially the reign of Abbas the Great - a circle of elites, including Baha al-Din al-Amili and Mulla Sadra, was formed again. This process did not last long, resulting in scientific downfall during the Afsharid, Zandi, and Qajar dynasties.

Recent studies indicate that the topics and issues of innovation have moved away from a purely technical approach, and innovative concepts have gone beyond the common Schumpeterian approach that saw innovation in the product, process, market, and new organization. In this regard, some types of innovations have been highlighted, whose innovative drivers are no longer technology in the conventional sense of policy-making ideas, and they have distanced themselves from past innovations in a Schumpeterian sense; Therefore, in present research, post-Schumpeterian innovations have been addressed. Post-Schumpeterian innovations are suitable options for breaking the rigid technological regime of products and services by changing their technological path from Schumpeterian patterns. In this research, position and paradigm innovation, social innovation, design and redesign innovation, semantic and symbolic innovation, inclusive and universal innovation, and frugal and pro-poor innovation have been called post-Schumpeterian. In the first part of the research, in order to extract the challenges, after studying the subject areas, coding techniques were used to identify hidden categories and themes in the interviews and documents, and in the second part, the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) approach was used; Therefore, both qualitative and quantitative methods have been used to answer the research question. The newness of research in this field, path dependency, domination of economy-oriented ecosystems in the country, lack of legal infrastructure of industries and creative companies, policy-making institutions and multiple trustees, are some of the issues that have been identified as the challenges of this transition.Keywords: Post-Schumpeterian innovation, Non-technological transitions, Innovation policy, Innovation management, Creative and cultural industries.

The reversed Jigsaw, one of the cooperative learning techniques, is based on group dynamics and social interactions. The aim of current study was to investigate the effect of reversed jigsaw method on university students' academic performance and statistics anxiety in statistics course. Research design was quasi experimental with pre and posttest and control group. Research participants were 43 under graduate university students. In one class students have been instructed using reversed Jigsaw method (n=20) and the students of other class have been instructed using instructional teacher-centered teaching method (n=23). The data was collected through statistics anxiety Scale (Rekabdar & Soleimani, 2008) and academic performance test. One way univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance was used for data analysis. The statistical analyses revealed that there were significant differences between the experimental and control groups in terms of their academic performance and statistics anxiety (p<0.001). The results of mean comparisons indicated that, the mean of experimental group is significantly higher than control group. Also in statistics anxiety the mean of experimental group is significantly lower than control group. In general research finding indicated that, reversed jigsaw method has positive effect on students' academic outcomes such as anxiety and performance. In the other words, by using this method, students' academic performance will increase and their statistics anxiety will decrease.