mitra babapour

Although the importance of considering the capability approach in calculating poverty has been addressed in various studies, a major obstacle to achieving a measure like Alkire-Foster MPI in many countries is the lack of integrated micro indicators. In this study, we suggest a "repeated and random data generation" method using the macro amount of the missing indicator. Moreover, we apply this method to calculate and break down the acute poverty measure of Alkier and Foster in Iran. The results indicate that by using this method, we are able to achieve the desired level with very high precision. In addition, by breaking down multidimensional poverty into three dimensions of health, education, and standard of living, we show that during the last four decades, the share of educational deprivation in MPI is always increasing and has transformed into the most effective indicator in acute multidimensional poverty. Finally, by examining the characteristics of poor households, it can be noted that households with acute poverty have gradually become older, smaller, and less educated. Therefore, it seems that programs like subsidies to the entire society are no longer helpful for poverty reduction in Iran and it can be improved by better targeting and addressing educational deprivation.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of different types of bank loans on income inequality in the economies of 24 selected developing countries using the econometric method of panel data during the period 2000-2019. The results showed that credits to the non-financial sector as well as consumption reduce inequality and credits to the financial and housing sectors increase inequality. Lending to the non-financial sector has also been declining, and lending to the consumer, financial and mortgage sectors has been on the rise. The findings also showed that the employment rate and housing prices, respectively, affect the effect of loans granted to the non-financial and housing sectors on income inequality. Allocate a significant portion of the credit to non-financial and productive businesses.

According to different roles that types of revenues or expenditures play in creating inequality, the present study applies the analytic method of Lerman and Yitzhaki (1985) to investigate the role of types of expenditures on creating inequality. For this purpose, the Gini coefficient of elasticity and the effect of changing the share of each of the cost components on the Gini coefficient during 2004 to 2016 are calculated. The results show that Iranian urban households have been faced with decreasing sources of income during these years. For this reason, they have shifted their expenditure away from unnecessary items such as entertainment and culture to more fundamental items such as food. During the period under study, most inequalities were in the expenditure categories of transportation, cultural and recreational services, health care, education, home and hotel, and restaurant appliances. Moreover, the highest share of total inequality was related to the cost of transportation, housing, and food, which has been increasing over the years under study.

Although there is no Unified approach about what child poverty is and how it is calculated, but most studies and organizations related to the issue of child poverty, consider it as a multidimensional phenomenon. Proper understanding of the situation of children and teen agers who experience poverty in their lives, can be an important tool for breaking the void circle of poverty and child poverty reduction policies. In this article, multidimensional child poverty and overlapping of children's deprivations in 6 dimensions are investigated. For this purpose, "Justice Measuring Project in Tehran 2011" and "Multiple Poverty and Overlapping of Deprivation Analysis Approach" were used. Results indicate that across the six dimensions, child deprivation rates are highest in facilities, housing, health, nutrition, security and protection and education respectively.79% children in Tehran also are deprived in one or more dimensions out of that six case. The children on average, deprived in one or more dimensions tend to suffer from 1.8 deprivations,. This is 30% of the total deprivations.

Common methods on evaluating and measuring inequality cannot reflect the internal changes of society in terms of displacement in income groups, income transfer and so on. These indices are not suitable for investigating the dynamics of income distribution. In this study, concept of "income mobility" is used to evaluate the change of income distribution. Contrary to the theory of measuring inequality and poverty, literature on income mobility is not integrated, and because of the multidimensional nature of income mobility, it is difficult to provide the comprehensive definition on it. In this study, different concepts and indicators on income mobility are calculated.
Thus, by using the theory of Markov chain- first- second and fifth-order as well as transition probability matrix, the pattern of income distribution are analyzed and forecast. This objective is fulfilled by constructing pseudo panel that combines thirty years of cross-sectional Household Expenditures and Income Surveys from 1984 to 2013. The results indicate that the probability of transition from a certain income quintile to the same quintile in successive time is high. That indicates low mobility and stability status. The results also show low flexibility and asymmetric distribution of life opportunities in the country. These findings reveal a serious attention to the inequality of opportunity.

This study focuses on the relationship of poverty with economic growth and inequality during different socio-economic development programs in Iran between1989-2013. To this end, the elasticity of poverty was decomposed into growth and inequality effects; then the outcome of the economic growth is calculated using Kakwani and Son’s (2008) Poverty Equivalent Growth Rate index. This index demonstrates how the benefits of growth are distributed between the poor and the non-poor people. Study of the poverty equivalent growth rate can be an important tool for the governments to reduce poverty. Poverty changes decomposition to the neutral effects of the growth and inequality in rural and urban area shows that the effect of neutral growth on poverty is negative, whilst the neutral effect of inequality has positive and negative fluctuation. Iran’s economic and political evolvement during the years which our study focused on, can explain these fluctuations. Calculating Poverty Equivalent Growth Rate index and its comparison with the economic and social development programs in Iran, show that there were not any effective policies to achieve sustainable welfare.

Childhood is a very vulnerable stage in life. Child well-being, either directly or indirectly is affected by the status of households’ nutrition. Nutritional condition is an effective factor in weakening or strengthening the relationship between poverty and health in every household. Due to the importance of measuring nutrition poverty indices to inform planners about the distributive effects of policy strategies as well as family and child welfare, this study tends to measure and analyze the trends of nutritional poverty of Iranian households with child from 1984-2012. In this trend study, statistical data on household socioeconomic characteristics (household income-cost design) has been used to measure food poverty among the households with child. To this end and to investigate households’ food caloric, this research used Foster, Greer and Thorbeck (FGT) index. STATA and Excel softwares were employed to do the calculations. After dividing childhood into four age periods, nutrition poverty among households with child was examined in all of them. The results showed that in most age groups, the rate and severity of nutrition poverty had the highest values in 1989; also nutritional poverty of age group 0-5 years in the1989 entry year showed a reduced trend but in other entry years had some fluctuations. Compared to age groups, poverty rates among households with child belonging to age group 0-5 years, was lower than other age groups. Overall, nutritional poverty was high in all age groups and experienced large fluctuations. In most age groups, the rate and severity of poverty were highest during the First Development Plan. Research findings can have implications for policy makers regarding implementing efficient and effective policies in the field of child welfare.

Health is an important dimension in analyzing multidimensional child poverty. High life expenditure imposed on families has lead to the household’s health poverty. Considering the importance of childhood and measuring health poverty indices to inform planners and towards distributive effects of policy strategies, as well as, family welfare, this paper tends to measure and analyse the trends of health poverty of Iranian “households with child” from 1984-2012. In this trend study, statistical data on household budgets were considered to measure health poverty in households with child (using FGt index). The results were analyzed using STATA and Excel Software. The results showed that the poverty rate was the highest in terms of all age group’s health in 1999. While, the health poverty rate among families with children in the age group of 11-15 year-old showed an upward trend in recent periods (the end of the fourth development goal and beginning of fifth Program), it was associated with fluctuations in other age groups. Overall, health poverty rate was high in all age groups although it showed high fluctuations. The high fluctuations of the health poverty index during the development plans indicate that stable and consistent policy has not been developed to reduce households facing catastrophic health expenditure. At the end of this research, some recommendations have been offered to reduce the amount of household’s health poverty.

One of the issues discussed in economy is the socioeconomic inequality in the society. Income mobility is another measure which indicates the degree of inequality of opportunity in a society. The extent of income mobility depends on socio-economic status of the individuals. Different socio-economic status leads to further inequality and increases inequality of opportunity. Such inequalities lead to the formation of Poverty which can be reproduced and transmitted from one cohort to the other، if not utilize the appropriate method. income mobility is measured as either conditional or absolute one. In Conditional mobility fixed effects are considered، however in absolute mobility it is not so. Fixed effect parameter that indicates the heterogeneity between individuals. According to the importance of the issue of poverty and the relation it has with inequality، this paper studies the conditional mobility in the economy of Iran. In this study Household Survey Data collected by Iran Statistical Center from 1988 till 2011 is used. The method of nonlinear dynamic pseudo-panel has been used in order to measure income inequality dynamics. Nonlinear dynamics of income inequality for urban areas in Iran are estimated. This method enables us to track the performance of each cohort over time. The main results of this study indicate that the conditional income mobility is low and dine quality in the country has increased over time. Facing negative shocks، households cannot quickly improve their situation and return to the initial income، and at the same time، the market operation in itself cannot fix the problem. This means that the market provides more favorable conditions for people who have higher power and wealth. This leads the inequality to spread to the higher level.