mohammadreza hosseinzadeh

Molybdenum-copper deposit of Shele boran is located in East-Azarbaijan province, northeast of Ahar. The area is dominated by the oldest rocks including Paleocene-Eocene andesitic-dacitic units into which Oligocene sub-volcanic intrusions have penetrated. Quartz-sulfide, quartz-oxide, and sulfide vein-veinlets were developed within the intrusion bodies that exhibit typical stockwork texture. Three types of hydrothermal hypogene alterations, potassic, phyllic and propylitic are developed in these bodies. The Oligocene intrusive bodies range, in composition, from granite, tonalite to porphyry microdiorite. The major constituent minerals including plagioclase, alkali-feldspar, quartz, biotite and hornblende accompanied by minor amounts of clinopyroxene, apatite, sphene, zircon. and common textures granular porphyry to porphyroid, and porphyritic textures. The parent magmas are high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonite showing LILE positive anomalies with high LREE/HREE ratio. These bodies were emplaced in a post-collision volcanic arc and an active continental margin setting.

Regional Geology:

The studied area, a part of Arasbaran exploration area, lies in the north-west of Iran and is one of the copper-molybdenum-gold metallurgical states, known as the Ahar-Arasbaran zone. The area, due to its special geological features and in terms of gold, copper mineralization, Molybdenum is of special importance. This zone is divided into two eastern and western parts by the Rasht-Takestan fault. The eastern part consists of basic to acidic tuffs belonging to shoshonite to alkaline magmatic series, and the western part contains andesitic to rhyodacite lavas and several granitoid masses with high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonite. Qaradagh, Shiverdagh batholiths and Haft-Cashmeh as well as Songun porphyry stocks are among the most important intrusions igneous masses related to mineralization in Arasbaran metallogenic zone, where skarn, porphyry, stockwork and epithermal mineralizations occurred. One of the prominent features of this zone is the extensive Tertiary magmatic activity, initiated in the Paleocene-Eocene and reached its peak along with the extensive folding of volcanic and pyroclastic units, and the emplacement of intrusive masses in the Oligocene (Pyrenean phase). The oldest rock units in this area are Paleocene-Eocene volcanic and pyroclastic deposits with andesite-dacite, andesite to basaltic andesite and associated tuffs, penetrated by sub volcanic Oligocene porphyroid masses.

Simultaneously with the preparation of the geological map of the region with the scale of, a number of samples were taken from the surface units and boreholes that were drilled for the exploration of molybdenum and copper. On the base of lithological diversity, 45 samples of intrusive rocks were collected. Following petrography study, 15 samples with the least amount of alteration were analyzed by XRF and ICP-MS methods and by combining the information obtained from field observations, microscopic studies as well as the main and rare elements analyses using the GCDkit software, petrogenesis and the formation of intrusive rocks of the region have been investigated. 

Petrography:

According to the petrographic studies, plagioclase, potassium feldspar, quartz, biotite and hornblende are the main rock-forming minerals. Clinopyroxene, apatite, zircon, and sphene as the minor and chlorite, sericite, calcite, and clay minerals as the secondary minerals. The presence of porphyric granular, porphyroid and porphyry textures microcrystalline in the background are notable.

Geochemistry:

As the Co/Th, Ce/Yb versus Ta/Yb and Th/Yb versus Ta/Yb diagrams demonstrate, the parent magma has shoshonite and high-K calc-alkaline nature. On Nb vs. Y, Rb vs. (Ta+Yb), Ta vs. Yb, and Rb vs. (Y+Nb) the diagrams, the bodies under study were emplaced in a post-collision volcanic arc and an active continental margin setting.On the spider diagram of intrusive masses normalized to chondrite, the studied samples show LREE enrichment, enrichment of LREE compared to HREE and negative anomaly of Nb and Zr indicate the dependence of these rocks on it shows calc-alkaline magmatic series. On the normalized diagram compared to the primary mantle, clear and distinct negative anomalies of Ti, Zr, P, Pr, Y, Nb and also positive anomalies of K, U, Pb, Cs, Nd are observed. The P, Ta, Ti and Nb negative anomalies on spider diagram with a specific enrichment of LILE (i.e.  K, Sr, Sm, Th and Cs) are of the important characteristics of magmatic rocks associated with volcanic arcs, caused by the action of fluids derived from subduction. The negative Nb anomaly indicates the magmas related to the active continental margin environments and can be caused by the contamination of the crust and fluids released from the subducting lithosphere. The change process of these samples is compatible with the characteristics of the geo-structural environment related to subduction.

The parent magma of the intrusion bodies has shoshonite and high-K calc-alkaline affinity.  It should be noted that shoshonite and high-K calc-alkaline has also been reported in the volcanic units of Sonajil area of Harris. These masses display positive and distinct anomalies of K, Th, Sr, Sm, Cs, Rb, Ba as well as Ta, Ti, Zr, Nb, P, Pr, Y, Yb negative anomalies, the important features of the magmatic rocks related with volcanic arcs. The P, Ta, Ti and Nb negative anomalies on spider diagram along with a specific enrichment of LILE including K, Sr, Sm, Th and Cs are the important characteristics of magmatic rocks associated with volcanic arcs. Thus, the order of changes in these samples is consistent with the features of the geological environment related to subduction. These bodies were emplaced in a post-collisional volcanic arc and an active continental margin setting. The obtained data are consistent with the previous studies carried out on Oligocene granitoid intrusive masses of Western Alborz Zone-Azerbaijan (i.e., Moayyed, 2001, Aghazadeh et al., 2010).

Molybdenum-copper deposit of Shele Boran is located about 2 km northeast of Ahar within the Ahar-Arasbaran metallogenic belt. This deposit is hosted by Eocene volcanic igneous rocks (tuff, agglomerate, andesite and dacite) and Oligocene intrusive igneous bodies (granite, granodiorite and diorite). These rocks host hypogene potassic, phyllic, propylitic, and argillic alteration zones where mineralization is often associated with the potassic and phyllic alteration zones. In these rocks, hypogene mineralization is predominant and occured mostly in the form of dissemination and vein-veinlet (chalcopyrite, molybdenite, pyrite and magnetite). This mineralization is covered by supergene accumulations such as hematite, goethite, malachite and azurite in the surface part of deposit. Four types of fluid inclusion in quartz crystals associated with mineralization were identified, including (1) two-phase fluid inclusion liquid-rich (L-V), (2) two phase fluid inclusion gas-rich (V-L), (3) three-phase liquid-gas-solid (L-V-S) and (4) vapor-rich monophase (V). The studied fluid inclusions have a homogenization temperature ranging from 123-447°C. The L-V-S three-phase fluid intermediates are homogenized by the disappearance of the NaCl crystal in the temperature of 156-317°C, corresponding to the salinities in the range of 30-40% by weight of NaCl. Two phase inclusions liquid-rich (L-V) intermediates show salinities in the range of 0.36-15.9% by weight equivalent of NaCl. Based on microthermometry data, boiling, mixing and simple cooling of mineralizing fluids are effective mechanisms in the formation and expansion of this deposit. The ores were most likely of magmatic and magmatic-meteoric origin. Alteration and mineralization of mineral accumulations, and microthermometric data confirm the classification of the Shele Boran deposit as a porphyry molybdenum-copper deposit.

Surface separators play a very important role in oil and gas-producing fields. For this reason, their optimal design is very important for field applications. Semi-experimental design is a basic method to determine the dimensions of separators. Due to the simplifying assumptions used in semi-empirical design methods, they are only used for approximate estimation of the dimensions of the separators. The two-phase separator laboratory unit consists of a horizontal two-phase separator on a laboratory scale, pumps, compressors, and a static mixer to create a two-phase flow and a liquid filter to trap liquid droplets from the outlet gas flow. The separation efficiency is determined by weighing the trapped liquid droplets and by imaging the maximum diameter of the liquid droplets in the exhaust gas flow. In this research, the optimal dimensions of the separator are presented using a new combined method. In the proposed new combined method, CFD simulation of the two-phase separator was first carried out on a laboratory scale. Then the simulations were validated using laboratory data. Also, the optimal range for the slenderness ratio of the separator was determined. Finally, by using the new relationships presented in the form of dimensional analysis, the dimensions of the separator were determined, and then the performance of the designed two-phase separator was validated using the CFD simulation model. Validation results showed that the presented new method has a high capability in the design of gas-liquid separators. The relative error value between the results of the developed CFD model and the laboratory data was less than 7%. In order to use the presented new method in the field, the dimensions of the surface two-phase separator were determined for one of the production wells located in the South Pars gas field. One of the most important achievements of this research is providing the necessary platform for the optimal design and construction of surface separators for field use.

 Savory plant Satureja sp. It is one of the types of medicine that has many therapeutic properties such as controlling diabetes and blood sugar, blood pressure, constipation, diarrhea, etc. The aim of this study was to evaluate the constituents and antioxidant properties of the essential oil of this plant.

 In this study, two species of savory plants (S. sativa and S. multica) were collected from two natural and agricultural habitats and after drying in the shade, essential oil was extracted by Clevenger apparatus. Its antioxidant was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP methods and determination of total phenol.

 The results showed that the highest percentage of free radical degradation was due to the use of 4 mg / ml of essential oil of plants harvested from the sativa species of 82.26% and on the other hand the lowest percentage of free radical degradation. From the concentration of 0.5 mg / ml of essential oils of plants harvested from the cultivation of multica species was 24.87%. Essential oil of multica species obtained from natural habitat, at a concentration of 4 mg / ml with a numerical value of / 84 in FRAP method and total phenol, with a numerical value of 2.14, showed the highest antioxidant properties.

 In this study, it was found that among species and natural and agricultural habitats, safflower essential oil of multica species in natural habitat has the most antioxidant effect and factors such as soil type, and climate can affect the essential oil.

Recent advances in manufacturing systems and multifunction machines have caused products to be produced through several alternative process plans. Therefore, the integration of process planning and scheduling, as two of the most critical functions, becomes essential to enhance manufacturing systems’ productivity. Several different algorithms have solved the integrated process planning and scheduling (IPPS) problem in the literature. All proposed algorithms require a list of available process plans in advance (type-1). In this paper, an efficient mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model is presented based on the term "combination." Besides, a type-2 priority-based heuristic algorithm (PBHA II) is proposed using dispatching rules with prioritizing jobs, combinations, and operations to solve the IPPS problems expressed by AND/OR graphs and with a makespan criterion. The MILP model and proposed heuristic algorithm are tested on the most challenging benchmark problems. Experimental results show the superiority of the MILP model over the best one in the literature, as well as the effectiveness and high performance of PBHA II. New upper bounds have been obtained in a short computational time for 7 of 24 most complex problems, which have been used by many researchers over the last two decades.

Wild plants in nature are valuable samples for use in various studies due to their characteristics such as resistance to adverse environmental conditions, resistance to pests and diseases and even having high active ingredients. Today, with the increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, the use of medicinal plants has been welcomed.The  present study aimed  to  investigate  the  effect  of antibacterial effects of different ecotypes of Verbascum thapsus extract.

Verbascum thapsus from three regions of North Khorasan (Ashkhaneh, Bojnourd and Shirvan), after collection and drying, was extracted by methanol solvent by soaking and its  antibacterial properties was investigation against( Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) using disk and well diffusion , MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ) and MBC ( Minimum Bactericidal  Concenteration) methods.

The results showed that between different ecotypes of North Khorasan, Verbascom extract of Bojnourd region had the most inhition zone  in disk and well diffusion method on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were equal to 12.33 and 14.66 mm, respectively, and for Bacillus cereus bacteria were 11.33 and 13.66 mm, respectively And MIC and MBC of Verbascum extract of Bojnourd region on bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) 12. mg/ml were observed as the most sensitive bacteria.

In this study, it was found that among different ecotypes of North Khorasan, methanolic extract of Verbascum thapsus of Bojnourd region had the most antibacterial effect on bacteria (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) however the extract was not effective on Escherichia coli.

Separators play a very important and key role in oil and gas production fields. For this reason, their optimal design is very important. The design method with semi-empirical equations is a common method for determining the dimensions of separators. However, due to the simplifying assumptions used in them, it can only be used to obtain an approximate estimate of the dimensions of the separators. In this study, the accuracy of semi-empirical relationships was investigated using a gas-liquid separator pilot unit and the experimental results and the results obtained from CFD simulation as necessary data for the design and construction of a neural network optimized by Genetic algorithm. A model was proposed to determine the correction factor of semi-experimental relationships under different operating conditions. The pilot unit of the separator test consists of a laboratory-scale two-phase horizontal separator, pumps, compressors and a static mixer to form a two-phase flow and a liquid filter to trap liquid droplets from the exhaust gas flow from the separator. The separation efficiency is determined by weighing the dispersed liquid droplets. The maximum diameter of the liquid droplets in the exhaust gas flow is determined by imaging. The CFD model developed with laboratory data had a relative error of less than 8 percent, and the root mean square error of the neural network optimized by the genetic algorithm for the actual and predicted values of the correction factor was 1%. One of the most important achievements of this research is to provide the necessary basis for the optimal design of surface separators.

It is generally understood that manganese deposits have a diverse origin, based on their mineralogy, chemical composition and tectonic setting. Marine Mn-bearing deposits are classified as hydrogenous, hydrothermal and also biogenetic-bacterial deposits (Bonatti et al., 1972; Hein et al., 1997; Bau et al., 2014; Polgári et al., 2012; Schmidt et al., 2014). Hydrogenous processes can form ferromanganese crusts, which result from slow precipitation of seawater at the seafloor often via microbial mediation (Toth, 1980; Dymond et al., 1984; Bau and Dulski, 1999; Usui and Someya, 1997; Hein et al., 2000; Jach and Dudek, 2005). Diagenetic manganese deposits occur as nodules and precipitate from hydrothermal solutions or pore water (Polgári et al., 1991; Oksuz, 2011; Polgári et al., 2012), whereas hydrothermal ore deposits are stratabound or occur as irregular bodies and epithermal veins, where they are formed in a marine environment near spreading centers, intraplate seamounts or in subduction-related island arc setting (Roy, 1992; Roy, 1997; Hein et al., 2008; Edwards et al., 2011).

Eighteen Ore samples (~ 500 g each) were collected systematically from the Gezeldash Daghi manganese deposit. All these ore samples were taken representatively from the surface outcrops ore beds in different places for geochemical analyses. Ore samples were powdered under 200 meshes and analyzed at Iran mineral processing research center laboratories, Tehran. After being prepared by the Lithium Borate Fusion method, their major oxide and trace element contents were determined with ICP-OES. The results of the analyses are given in Tables 1 and 2.

The deposit is hosted in various lithology and horizons consisting of: 1) tuffite interlayered with limestone, 2) conglomerate and sandstone lithology into volcano-sedimentary basin located at 25 km northwest of Marand city (N38°35ʹ40ʺ, E45°42ʹ40ʺ). Major and trace element assessments show that hydrothermal solutions were effective in the formation of the Gezeldash Daghi manganese deposit. Also, field observations reveal that manganese mineralization occurred as laminated-layered and fracture-filling form in limestone and tuffite at horizon I and the space-filling form between conglomerate clasts and veinlet form in sandstone at horizon II with quaternary age. Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrothermal solutions were caused in the formation of the manganese deposit which may be described as related to volcano-hydrothermal occurrence.

Mineralogy of oxide zone as clue about past climate reveals occurrence of supergene enrichment processes in Mahour Zn-Cu-(Pb-Bi-Ag) mineralization, in central Lut, during two stages: In first stage that supergene processes have occurred from meteoric waters in an arid climate during Oligocene to Upper Miocene, leached capping contains jarosite, natrojarosite and goetite in various ratios and less hematite and sulfur has formed with supergene argillic alteration with quartz, alunite, kaolinite, montmorilonite, and gypsum. In response to neutrialization of solutions, an abundance of smithsonite and malachite with neotocite, greenokite /hawleite and minor azurite and silicate, phosphate and arsenate minerals precipitated in oxide zone and immature sulfide enrichment generated. In second stage, atachamite, paratacamite and chrysocolla have been formed through the interaction of saline waters and preexisting copper oxides after the onset of hyperaridity at Pliocene, and have been preserved since that time. Mineralogy features of leached capping provide insighs into hypogene ore mineral and alteration types and indicate sufficient acid has not been produced for effective leaching of Cu and hence, do not suggest extensive chalcocite enrichment under water table. An interpretation that mineralogy of oxide zone is also illustrative of it and results from exploration drill holes confirm it. With respect to style of Mahour polymetal mineralization and similar mineralizations in district, detail investigation of oxide zone and mapping leached caps in deposit and district scale can be used as suitable exploration tool in the search for conceal ore deposits..

The Sungun porphyry copper mine is located in the north of Varzeghan، Eastern- Azarbaijan province. The oldest rocks in the study area are limestone with the Cretaceous in age. Following the emplacement of intrusive porphyry body، four groups of dyke with various compositions have been intruded into the intrusive body. The intrusive is quartz-monzonitic in composition. There are four alteration zones including potassic، phyllic، propylitic and argillic in the Sungun porphyry body. The common texture in these rocks is porphyritic with cryptocrystalline matrix، and in dykes، microlitic and microlitic porphyry. The Sungun porphyry body evolved due to magmatic differentiation، fractional crystallization، assimilation and crustal contamination. The Sungun intrusive and associated dykes are meta-aluminous and belong to high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic magma series. In terms of tectonic setting، the Sungun body lies in syn- to post-collision volcanic arc. In the contact of the Sungun porphyry and the upper Cretceous limestones and marls، the Cu-Fe skarn developed in the north and the east. These skarns are divided into the endoskarn and exoskarn. Based on field geology and mineralogical studies، the exoskarn in Sungun is divided into pyroxene، garnet and epidote zones.