r. abdi

The use of algae as a food additive has many positive effects such as increasing the quality, health, and greed of food and increasing the level of growth and immunity in aquatic animals. Among the algae with many uses are the members of the red algae branch, which are seen in red due to the large amounts of phycoerythrin and phycocyanin pigments. These algae belong to primary multicellular plants of the marine species, non-flowering without roots, stems, and leaves, and they reproduce sexually. The current research was conducted to replace red algae in the diet in stomach, liver histomorphology, and some growth factors of Nile tilapia, one of the most important commercial species in the world.

For this purpose, after 8 weeks of preparation, fish were fed diets containing zero, 3%, 6%, and 9% of food weight with red algae with three repetitions in each treatment. After the end of the rearing period, the fishes were anesthetized and after opening the abdominal area while measuring some growth factors, a 0.5 cm tissue sample was taken from the middle part of the stomach and liver and placed in a 10% formalin buffer solution. After going through the routine steps of tissue preparation, including dehydration with alcohol, clarification with xylol, blocking with paraffin, cutting with a thickness of 4-6 microns, and staining, finally, the study was done with a light microscope. SPSS software version 21 was used for statistical analysis of data.

Microscopic and anatomical studies of the stomach and some growth factors of the digestive system showed an increase in the measured factors as percentage of weight gain, especially in the group receiving the diet containing 9% red algae. The results of microscopic studies on the stomach showed that the mucosal lining of the stomach is of a simple type with nuclei near the base. This tissue is stretched from the surface of the mucous membrane to the inner part, so that at the beginning of the stomach, short but deep folds were also observed at different intervals. In the lamina propria of gastric mucosa, simple tubular glands were observed, whose tissue consists of a row of short cubic to cylindrical cells, which have spherical to elongated nuclei and basophils attached to the base of the cells. These cells had strong acidophilic color and covered all the lamina propria. Also liver was completely lobulated and the pancreas was located in the form of an appendix gland inside.

The results of this research showed that in terms of the structural characteristics of the stomach and liver tissue such as mucous glands, epithelium thickness, thickness, mucus height, and anatomical growth of the digestive system, red seaweed powder can be a suitable substitute for fish meal in the diet. Tilapia, along with possible substitutes in other animal and vegetable proteins, can be used to feed this fish, which will eventually reduce the cost and reduce the dependence on fish powder to supply the protein needed by Nile tilapia.

Ethical principles The quality of financial reporting can be measured in terms of the characteristics of transparency, fairness, trustworthiness and honesty, which environmental structures can affect these ethical principles. The purpose of the research is to investigate the environmental structures and ethical principles of the quality of financial reporting.

Descriptive-survey research method is of correlational type and is applied in terms of purpose and cross-sectional in terms of time. The research community of top and middle managers of accounting companies in Tehran, where the adequacy of the sample was obtained according to the theory of Chen et al. and the number of 68 samples. The data collection method was library and field studies, and the data collection tool is a questionnaire, and it was done from the structural equation modeling approach based on partial least squares using pls software.

The results of the research hypotheses test showed that there is a significant relationship between the information behavior of environmental structures with transparency, honesty, trustworthiness and fairness because the significance value was outside the range (±1.96).

When the information behavior of the environmental structures is in its correct alignment, it promotes the ethical principles of financial reporting through the creation of transparency, honesty, trustworthiness and fairness, which includes the interests of the beneficiaries.

Tapour variety line (P-11 / 6-70036) was obtained from a cross between Sahar (Pershing) and K.W-505 in Mazandaran Agricultural Research Center in 1992. The study of F1 generation, segregating generations and the purification of crosses were performed during 1992-98. The pure lines were compared with Sari and Telar cultivars, in the preliminary comparison, biennial comparison, regional and national regional experiments during 1999-2000. The top lines were also compared with local control cultivars in on-farm trials. In total, the line P-11 / 6-70036 (Tapour variety) was superior to other cultivars with an average yield of 3749 kg per hectare. Other suitable traits of the new variety were: high height, suitable distance of the first pod from the ground, three-seed pods, medium five maturity group, semi determinate growth type, high weight of thousand seed, loading resistance, shattering resistance and tolerance to most important common diseases of soybean in the region, including charcoal rot.

The main purpose of the recent study was to evaluate gill chloride cells in Cyprinus carpio during adaptation to different environmental salinities over a short period.

For this research, Cyprinus carpio by an average weight of 41.4±1 g and length of 16.9±1 cm in four groups with three replications was used. The first group as control was located in fresh water and the next three groups respectively were kept in 4 ppt, 8 ppt, and 12 ppt salinity with the exact condition. On 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h the second-gill arch with a maximum thickness of 0.5 cm from the left side was prepared and placed in formalin’s buffer 10%, glutaraldehyde 2.5% solution, and pH 7.4. Then the standard method of preparing tissue sections was performed and paraffin sections with a thickness of 4-6 microns were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin methods and examined with a light microscope. Also, changes in the structure and number of mitochondrial-rich cells, distribution, and dispersion of Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme were studied by scanning electron microscope and immunohistochemical technique.

Results showed obvious modifications in the number and distribution of chloride cells in two filament and lamellar positions at different sampling times. The highest number of chloride cells in the filament and lamella, 26.28±1.33; 19.11±1.27 was reported in 12ppt and the lowest number belonged to the control group. The largest size of chloride cells in the filament and lamella, 22.51±1.56; 12.72±1.32 was reported in 12ppt and the lowest size belonged to the control group.

The findings of this study showed that C. carpio gill chloride cells in the face of different salinities in a short period can change the number and size and adapt to the new condition.

As a result of economic sanctions, resource constraints are evident and accountability in various areas of the public sector has been challenged. In the health sector, clinical and financial accountability is also relevant. The aim of this study is to derive a suitable model for developing financial accountability in the health sector in Iran.

This study is a qualitative research type that was conducted using an approach based on grounded theory in 2010. The statistical population includes experts and experts in the auditing and accounting professions, and 23 people were ultimately selected as participants in the study. Data were collected through interviews using a semi-structured, guided-focus method.

The research data were analyzed using coding, and macro, main, and subcategories (concepts) were extracted and validated. The most important factors affecting the proposed model are the quality of human resources, legislation, and implementation of laws based on accountability.Discussion and

The proposed model presents a comprehensive perspective that can be used in policymaking, strategy formulation, and development of accountability programs, as well as more effective supervision of supervisory institutions and other macro strategies for developing accountability in the Iranian health sector.

A 56-day research was carried out to determine the interactive effects of water temperature (WT) and salinity (WS) on physiological responses of yellowfin seabream, Acanthopagrus arabicus (Iwatsuki, 2013) (10.0±0.2 g). Three salinities (S; 12, 35 and 50 ‰) and four temperatures (T; 16, 23, 30 and 35°C) were selected to design 12 experimental treatments. The husbandry system consisted of thirty-six 300-L cylindrical polyethylene tanks that were filled with 250 L of water. Each treatment had three replicates (tanks) containing 20 fish in each tank. Fish were handfed on a commercial feed (440 g kg-1 crude protein and 180 g kg-1 crude fat) twice daily at visual satiation. Five fish from each tank were transferred into an experimental chamber to evaluate their oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion. There was a positive correlation between fish oxygen consumption and WT (r=0.594; p=0.001). In addition, there was a negative relationship between WS and ammonia excretion (AE) (r = -0.865; p=0.029), meanwhile the relationship between WT and AE was positive (r=0.422; P=0.01). Growth parameters were significantly affected by WT, WS and their interactions so that the highest final body was recorded in the highest temperature and salinity treatment. On the other hand, the lowest body weight was observed in the lowest WT (i.e., 16℃) irresponsive to WS. The moisture level in the whole body was affected by WT (p=0.012). The crude lipid in the whole body was influenced by only WS (p=0.04). The ash content in the whole body was profoundly affected by WT (p=0.0001), WS (p=0.0001) and their interaction effect (p=0.04). The energy content of the whole body was only affected by WT (p=0.025). The energy budget of fish was influenced by WT (p=0.0001) and its interaction with WS (p=0.015). In summary, the present findings indicated that the preferred WT for A. arabicus is between 30 to 35°C in brackish water.

Since anaerobic digestion leads to the recovery of energy and nutrients from waste, it is considered the most sustainable method for treating the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes.However, due to the long solid retention time in the anaerobic digestion process, the low performance of the process in biogas production as well as the uncertainty related to the safety of digested materials for utilizing in agriculture, applying different pretreatments is recommended.Thermal pretreatment is one of the most common pretreatment methods and has been used successfully on an industrial scale. Very little research, nevertheless, has been done on the effects of different temperatures and durations of thermal pretreatment on the enhancement of anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW). The main effect of thermal pretreatment is the rapturing cell membrane and dissolving organic components. Thermal pretreatment at temperatures above 170 °C may result in the formation of chemical bonds that lead to particle agglomeration and can cause the loss of volatile organic components and thus reduce the potential for methane production from highly biodegradable organic waste. Therefore, since thermal pretreatment at temperatures above 100 °C and high pressure requires more energy and more sophisticated equipment, thermal pretreatment of organic materials at low temperatures has recently attracted more attention. According to the researchers, thermal pretreatment at temperatures below 100 °C did not lead to the decompositionof complex molecules but the destruction of large molecule clots.The main purpose of this study was to find the optimal levels of pretreatment temperature and time and the most appropriate concentration of digestible materials to achieve maximum biogas production using a combination of the Box Behnken Response Surface Method to find the objective function followed by optimizing these variables by Genetic Algorithm.

In this study, the synthetic organic fraction of municipal solid waste was prepared similar to the organic waste composition of Karaj compost plant. The digestate from the anaerobic digester available in the Material and Energy Research Institute was used as an inoculum for the digestion process. Some characteristics of the raw materials that are effective in anaerobic digestion including the moisture content, total solids, volatile solids of organic waste, and the inoculum were measured. Experimental digesters were set up according to the model used by MC Leod. After size reduction and homogenization, the synthetic organic wastes were subjected to thermal pretreatment (70, 90, 110 °C) at specific times (30, 90, 150 min).The Response Surface methodology has been used in the design of experiments and process optimization. In this study, three operational parameters including pretreatment temperature, pretreatment time, and concentration of organic material (8, 12, and 16%) were analyzed. After extracting the model for biogas efficiency based on the relevant variables, the levels of these variables that maximize biogas production were determined using a Genetic Algorithm.

The Reduced Quadratic model, was used to predict the amount of biogas production. The value of the correlation coefficient between the two sets of real and predicted data was more than 0.95. The results suggested that pretreatment time followed by the pretreatment temperature had the greatest contribution (50.86% and 44.81%, respectively) to biogas production. Changes in the organic matter concentration, on the other hand, did not have a significant effect (p ˂ 0.01) on digestion enhancement (1.63%) but were statistically significant at p ˂ 0.10.The response surface diagram showed that the increase in pretreatment time first led to a rise and then a fall in biogas production. The decline in biogas production seemed set to continue with pretreatment time. Meanwhile, the increase in pretreatment temperature from 70 °C to 110 °C first contributed to higher biogas production and then the decrease in gas production occurred.  The reason for this fall was probably the browning and Maillard reaction.The regression model was applied as the objective function for variables optimization using the Genetic Algorithm method. Based on the results of this algorithm, the optimal thermal pretreatment for biogas production was determined at 95 °C for 104 minutes and at the concentration of 12%. The expected amount of biogas production by applying the optimal pretreatment conditions was 445 mL-g-1 VS.

In this study, the variables including thermal treatment temperature and time as well as the concentration of organic waste to be anaerobically digested were optimized to achieve the highest biogas production from anaerobic digestion.Statistical analysis of the results revealed that the application of thermal pretreatment increased biogas production considerably. According to the regression model, the contribution of pretreatment time and temperature to biogas production was significant (50.86% and 44.81% respectively). In stark contrast, varying substrate concentrations in the range of 8 to 16% had a smaller effect (1.63%) on biogas production. The results of this study also showed that the best pretreatment temperature and time were 95 °C and 104 minutes, respectively, at a concentration of 12% by generating 445 mL-g-1 VS biogas which is 31.17% higher than the biogas yield from anaerobic digestion of untreated organic wastes at this concentration.

 The genus Rosa from the family Rosaceae with over 150 species is one of the most important ornamental plants in the world. From a commercial point of view, cut roses play a key role in trade of cut flowers. Nitric oxide regulates key physiological processes that depend on the concentration of this compound such as hypocotyls growth, defensive responses, growth and development, photosynthesis, and phytoalexin generation in stressful conditions. Polyamines are key biomolecules that have a role to play in the regulation of many plants’ growth and development processes and their responses to different environmental stimuli. This study was performed to investigate the effect of foliar application of sodium nitroprusside (as a NO donor) and putrescine (as a polyamine) on ‘Avalanche’ rose in hydroponic conditions.

 This study was conducted in the research and production greenhouses of Urmia University and the research laboratory of the Department of Horticultural Sciences of the Faculty of Agriculture in 2019-2020 on rose (Rosa hybrida ‘Avalanche). This experiment was conducted as a factorial trial based on completely randomized design with two factors including sodium nitroprusside in four concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 200 μM and putrescine in four concentrations of 0, 1, 2 and 4 mM with 3 replications as a foliar application under hydroponic conditions in greenhouses and in pots. The treatments were applied two weeks after transplantation, every 15 day-interval for 4 months. In order to investigate the effects of putrescine and sodium nitroprusside on some morphological and physiological characteristics of plants, two weeks after the end of treatments, sampling was performed to measure morphological and physiological characteristics. The measured indicators included: fresh and dry weight of flowering stem, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, carotenoids and also in the postharvest stage were guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase enzymes activity and bending of flowering stem. The SAS software version 9.2 was used to analyze the variance and compare the mean of the studied traits. Comparison of means was performed using the Tukey’s range test method at a probability level of 1 and 5%. Also, Excel (2016) software was used to draw the graph.

 According to the means comparison of measured parameters, sodium nitroprusside along with putrescine increase the flowering stem fresh and dry weight, photosynthetic pigments of leaves and antioxidant enzymes activities at the postharvest stages. Sodium nitroprusside at a concentration of 50 μM with 4 mM putrescine increased the fresh and dry weight of the flowering stem. Also, the concentration of 100 μM sodium nitroprusside with 4 mM putrescine significantly increased chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid content compared to control. It should be noted that preharvest application of sodium nitroprusside along with putrescine cause to improve postharvest characteristics of rose. In this research, application of 100 and 200 μM SNP alone or with different concentrations of putrescine increased guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase activity and reduced bending of flowering stem of rose ‘Avalanche’ at the postharvest stage. Probably polyamines (such as putrescine) and nitric oxide increase photosynthesis potential with increasing photosynthetic pigments and protecting cell membranes thus increase growth and flowering traits of plants such as increasing the flowering stem weight of rose in this research. At postharvest stage, senescence of flowers is an inevitable phenomenon that cause to produce free radicles in plants. Free radicles injure the plant membranes lipids and change the antioxidant enzymes activities. This despite the fact that nitric oxide and putrescine protect antioxidant enzymes against free radicles as a result can improve vase life of rose.   

 Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that putrescine, with SNP, improves growth characteristics as well as increases the postharvest traits and quality of cut flowers of rose.  According to the results, it is observed that among the different concentrations of putrescine, the concentration of 4 mM had the greatest effect on the growth and physiological parameters of rose while the concentration of 100 and 200 μM sodium nitroprusside had a greatest effect on physiological characteristics and postharvest traits of rose. In general, both SNP and putrescine had a positive and favorable effects on improving growth and postharvest indices, but the effective concentration varied depending on the type of parameter.

Three species of fish including, macroscopic scaled fish  as Otolithes ruber, microscopic scaled sturgeon as Huso huso and free scaled cat fish as  Pangasius hypophthalmus were prepared and specimen of dorsal of head and caudal peduncle were carried out. Routine procedures of tissues preparation followed and paraffin sections stained with (H&E) and (PAS). Results showed, epidermis formed non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with epidermis, lymphocytes, goblet cells, taste bud and club cells. The epidermis thickness of the head skin was higher than that of the caudal peduncle, as demonstrated by image analysis using light microscopy. Goblet cells were along the superficial cells layers and their distributions were varied. In histomorphometric studies by PAS staining the highest number of these cells were seen in head of O. ruber and the lowest were seen in the caudal peduncle of P. hypophthalmus. Most of them were seen from the middle to surface layer of the epidermis. Club cells, with large nucleus, mostly evident in the deep and middle layer of the epidermis, being the largest cells within the epithelium. The highest numbers of these cells (61.8 ± 2.16) were found in head region of P. hypophthalmus. Taste buds as a sensory organ were not seen in caudal peduncle of O. ruber and H. huso. Based on the results of this study, epidermis had similarities in cell type and differences in their numbers that could be justified by the presence or absence of scales.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive bias components in the behavior of investors (teachers) in the Tehran Stock Exchange. The research method is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the study included all teachers investing in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, which was selected by available sampling method 384 people. Measurement tools also included researcher-made questionnaires that after design and validation, its validity and reliability were evaluated by professors and statistical methods. Pearson correlation coefficient and simultaneous regression analysis were used to identify and compare the severity and effect of cognitive bias components. The results showed that except for severe bias, all components of self-confidence, conservatism, ambiguity, mental accounting, stress, behavioral disorder and eventfulness (retrospective) affected the behavior of investors and entered the regression model (p<0.01). Given the level of significance, these components play a significant role in predicting investor behavior. It should be noted that irrational decisions, influenced by cognitive biases, cause the inefficiency of financial markets by creating price bubbles and ultimately to the detriment of all investors.

The principal aim of this study was to examine the possible relationship between Iranian EFL teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs and their level of anxiety in speaking English. It also investigated whether there is any significant difference between teachers in schools and those in language institutes in terms of their level of self-efficacy and anxiety in speaking English. The participants of the research consisted of 109 male and female Iranian teacher candidates teaching in different language institutes and public schools in provinces of Tehran, Gilan, and Ardabil. The Teacher Self-efficacy Scale and the Public Speaking Anxiety Scale were used in this research as the data collection instruments. The SPSS software was used for data analysis. The data were analyzed through Pearson correlation to examine the relationship between teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs and their attitudes toward their speaking anxiety. A one-way ANOVA was also run to compare teachers’ self-efficacy and speaking anxiety with their teaching affiliation. The findings revealed that as teachers’ self-efficacy increased, their speaking anxiety decreased. Furthermore, the results revealed that teachers in language institutes had higher self-efficacy and lower speaking anxiety than teachers in schools.

In the present study, we introduce a concept to generate the spin-polarized current in armchair transition metal dichalcogenide nanoribbons (TMDNs) by  using light irradiation. For simulating the opto-spin current, we use electron-photon interaction in non-equilibrium Green's function methods. Because of the intrinsic spin-orbit coupling, light irradiation produces spin-photocurrent in TMDNs without applying any external magnetic element. Moreover, transverse electric field modifies the magnitude and position of optical absorption peaks, as well as the magnitude of the spin-photocurrent. Finally, the fully spin-polarized photocurrent, the high quantum efficiency with a maximum of approximately 50%, the wide-wavelength-range operation from ultraviolet to infrared and optical spin-filtering effects are tunable with transverse electric field indicate the high performance of this spin-photodetector based on armchair TMDNs, thereby paving the way  toward the improved design and performance of this photodetector in spin-optoelectronics.

Substance abuse is a serious global problem that is affected by multiple psychosocial factors, and some personality traits and impulsivity play a central role in its occurrence. The aim of this study was to predict tendency to drug use according to abnormal personality dimensions and the mediating role of impulsivity. In a cross-sectional descriptive study, 303 college students in Tehran University were selected by available sampling in 2016 academic year. Data was obtained by Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), Iranian Addiction Potential Scale (IAPS), and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS). Data was then analyzed using structural equation modeling by AMOS-20 Software. Moreover, descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS-22 Software. Findings: The results showed that there is a significant correlation between abnormal personality dimensions and impulsivity with tendency to substance use in students (p<0.01). Also, the abnormal personality dimensions and impulsivity could favorably predict the tendency to drug use in students. The proposed model is suitable (χ²/df = 2.30, AGFI=0.91, GFI=0.95, CFI=0.96, RMSEA=0.06), and the results also supported the mediating role of impulsivity in the relationship between abnormal personality dimensions and tendency to drug use. The tendency to drug use affects impulsivity directly and indirectly via reinforced abnormal personality dimensions. In preventing the vulnerability to addiction, intervention in impulsive and unhealthy personality traits of student groups could be of great benefit.

In this study, some characteristics of a Mather type Plasma Focus (PF) device such as a discharge current, pinch time, ion flux and hard x-ray intensity has been investigated simultaneously in argon and nitrogen gases separately for various operating gas pressures and charging voltages of capacitor bank. It was observed that pinch phenomena was energy and pressure dependent in current sheath as well as ion and hard x-ray emission intensity. Optimum pressure with maximum ion flux and the most intense hard x-ray showed a nearly linear dependence on the charging voltage of the device. Maximum ion flux was estimated in the order of 1018 ions per steradian in both gases. Hard x-ray emission was registered a little after discharge current and Faraday cup (FC) signals. Also, optimum pressure for maximum ion flux was not the same as the pressure for intense hard x-rays. Hard x-ray intensity reached its peak at higher pressures

In agricultural mechanization projects, operations and practices should be accomplished in a certain sequence as well as in a short time period. Otherwise, the expenses due to the timeliness of the practices will be created. To prevent these expenses, scientific planning of the projects is an appropriate solution. In different industries, project management principles are employed for satisfactory planning. The basic insight in whole approaches is the use of networks. In this research, PERT and CPM networks due to high capabilities have been used as robust tools for planning and timing the carrot production mechanization. In this regard, required data and information were gathered. The project activities were determined and WBS was drawn. Finally, PERT and CPM networks related to the project were illustrated and analyzed. Results showed this project has 25 critical paths and the earliest time to complete the project is 187.5 days and the variance and standard deviation values were 26 and 5.09, respectively. The model of the present network is capable to answer statistical questions and provide a bright insight for the project manager to make timely decisions. Consequently, the mechanized carrot production project goes ahead as programmed with high productivity.

Purpose of this study was to evaluate outcome of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery with a medial tibia tunnel entrance in patients with rupture of the ligament.

This cross-sectional study was performed in patients admitted to Sina Hospital in Tehran from April 2009 to April 2011. ACL reconstruction was done by arthroscopic surgery and the patients were assessed six months after surgery. International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) as a standard questionnaire and arthrometer (model KT-1000) were used to measure patients'' activity level and functional testing of the device، respectively. Final knee score was given to the patient based on the lowest score in each section which was presented in four groups: A، B، C and D.

one hundred seven patients with mean age of 29. 61 ± 5. 15 years (21-38 years) enrolled in this study among which 84 (78. 5%) were males. Most common causes of knee trauma were sport (54. 20%)، road traffic accidents (19. 62%)، daily activities (16. 82%) and work activity (9. 3%). The mean femoral channel length was 44. 75 ± 3. 41mm. The mean of ROM of Knee after surgery was 143. 21 ± 5. 37 (133-150). The functional test was performed using an arthrometer and differences between two knees displacement were calculated six months after surgery which revealed that the difference between males and females was significant (p=0. 03).

The results showed the transtibial graft position is closer to the anatomical position in medial femoral tunnel placement.

Sometimes, because of lack of proper coverage of distal fractured legs, these fractures cause loss of the skin and expose the distal Tibial bones on the medial sides. In such situations, there are two ways for the soft tissue reconstruction: 1. Cross leg flaps and 2. using free flap with microvascular anastomosis. In the present article a case of free Gracilis flap transfer for reconstruction of the soft tissue defect due to the use of heavy plate in distal Tibial fracture is reported. This procedure was performed for a 40 year old man with the soft tissue defect in distal of Tibia by a single team of surgery and after two months it proved successful. Reviewing the articles about free flap operation has proved its success in more than 90% of cases and, as a result, Gracilis free flap suggests an appropriate option for soft tissue reconstruction.

Background and

There are many cases of Thalassemia major in mazandaran province, and cholelithiasis is a known complication of all hemolytic anemias. Ïn order to evaluate the incidence of this complication in Thalassemia patients of Sari city, a descriptive study was designed and performed in two hundred thalassemia patients referred to Thalassemia control center.

The assessments were done by Ültrasonography by two radiologists. GË machine RT 2800 model of Ültrasound was used. The patients were such as kept in 14 hours fasting condition. Ïn sonography the informations such as liver size and Ëchogenecity, the shape and size of gall bladder wall, portal system, bile ducts spleen and portal system, as well as, sex and age were registered. The patients with previous history of stone formation along with cholelilithiasis were considered as positive.

The total incidence of stone formation was 14% (15.4% in females and 11.5% in males) in these patients. There was a correlation between the incidence of cholelithiasis with increase in age of the patient. Çonclusion: Due to the high incidence of this complication in thalassemic patients, it is recommended to include Ültrasonography in routine examinations of these patients, in order to prevent such complications in the thalassemic patients.

Segments of intestine, which are used for extension of bladder have various side effects, one of them is stone formation. This is a case in which a large stone over 583 grams is being reported which has not been observed in Ïran before. This article reviews relevant articles and a case of 583 grams of kidney stone following ileocystoplasty.