roya mohammadzadeh

The general aim of the present study is to investigate the convergence of productivity in the agriculture sector in selected provinces located in different6 climatic regions under the influence of risks arising from temperature and precipitation changes. To test the convergence of productivity in the agriculture sector in selected provinces of Iran, the panel data unit root test was used. Additionally, the impact of climatic variables was examined using a random parameter stochastic production frontier function (TRP-SPF). The results of estimating the TRP-SPF model showed that an increase in air temperature has a negative and significant effect on the level of agricultural production. Furthermore, precipitation and deviation from long-term average precipitation have a positive and significant impact on agricultural production. This result highlights the importance of providing more support to farmers to increase their risk tolerance and sense of security against climate change. Based on the results, despite observing fluctuations and differences in productivity among the provinces studied in the short term, the existence of long-term convergence in productivity among the selected provinces was confirmed. Therefore, it is recommended that future government support policies be adopted in a way that reduces risks arising from the effects of climate change and, consequently, improves the convergence gap in productivity among the studied provinces.

According to experts, Iran is the largest producer of rose water in the world, but it has a weak position in the global market for the export of rose essence and its products. The majority of rose production in Iran is consumed domestically as well as internationally, as rose water, fresh and dried rose petals, while the profitability lies in the production and export of rose essence, perfumes, cosmetic and hygiene products. In this study, after calculating market share, market size, import continuity, export price, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, and export price risk index, target countries were studied and analyzed using K-means clustering based on similarity with these indices. The required data for the research period of 2012-2021 were collected from the Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration (IRICA). One of the most important non-hierarchical clustering methods is the K-means method, which is considered as a basic method for many other clustering methods. According to this method, cluster centers are first obtained, which are actually the average points belonging to each cluster. Then, each data point is assigned to a cluster based on the cluster whose center has the smallest distance to that data point. The best clustering is one that maximizes the similarity between the cluster center and all cluster members and minimizes the similarity between cluster centers. In this study, the following variables were used for clustering:Market Share: According to the IRICA data, it includes those countries that have allocated more than one percent of Iran's exports share to themselves for rose and its products during the studied period (2012-2021).Market Size: Based on the IRICA data, this index represents the average amount of imports made by selected countries from Iran during the studied period.Market Growth: The average growth of imports during the studied period is considered as an indicator of market growth.Continuity of Imports: It is the continuous access to the desired market, and this indicator is measured by calculating the coefficient of variation (CV) of imports to that country.Market Structure: Market structure refers to the concentration of buyers and sellers, entry conditions, and the degree of homogeneity of goods. Market structure indicates whether the market is monopolistic or competitive, which can be determined by calculating concentration ratios such as the Concentration Ratio (CR) or the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI).Value of Exports: It is obtained by the ratio of the value of exports (in dollars) to the quantity of exports.Export Price Risk: The coefficient of variation (CV) of export prices over the years studied is considered as export price risk. During the studied period (2012-2021), Iran exported dried flowers and fresh rose petals to 45 countries around the world. The most important export markets for dried flowers and fresh rose petals during this period included Germany, Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Vietnam, Kuwait, Iraq, and Spain. Iran exported rose water to approximately 60 countries from 2012 to 2021. The top ten major importers of rose water from Iran were found to be the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar, Iraq, France, Saudi Arabia, China, and Afghanistan. The destination countries for rose water exports were categorized into five clusters. Similarly, based on the results, the target countries for exports were prioritized in 5 clusters. According to IRICA statistics, Iran exported rose essence to 17 countries worldwide during 2012-2021. The most important export markets for rose essence in terms of market size (average over the period) during the same period included Hong Kong, Australia, China, Germany, France, Canada, Spain, Bulgaria, Austria, and the United Arab Emirates. Germany was the largest importer of rose essence during the mentioned period. Based on the results, destination countries for the export of rose water essence were categorized into four clusters (priorities), with Japan and Canada in the first cluster, Hong Kong and China in the second cluster, Germany in the third cluster as well as with the highest number of countries including France, Russia, Spain, Bulgaria, Austria, and England in the fourth cluster. Based on the study results, the countries importing Damask Rose and Damask rosewater were grouped into five clusters each based on their similarity to the indicators mentioned. Furthermore, importing countries of rose essence from Iran were placed in four clusters. It is evident that any planning to maintain target markets, reduce export price risk, and sustain income and the export market share of Iran requires attention to consistent policies for the countries in each cluster. It is also worth-mentioning that export priority to target countries from the first cluster should be initiated and then, expanded to subsequent clusters. Finally, based on the research findings, it is recommended that the policy for the development of rose essence exports and related complementary industries be considered by policymakers.

The agricultural sector as the main infrastructure for food security is one of the most important economic sectors of societies and its average share in the GDP of 161 countries studied in 2019 is about 11 percent. In parallel with the role of this sector in the provision of food security and employment of countries with negative side effects on basic resources and the environment, which led governments to reconsider their policies related to the agricultural sector. Governments can, willingly or unwillingly, affect the environmental sustainability of the agricultural sector in a variety of ways. This article focusing on non-systematic review approach and using the reports of authentic international institution (including FAO, OECD, WTO, etc.), deals with the implications of the agricultural sector and policy developments of the recent decade in the OECD member countries. The findings show that agricultural support policies tend to have a negative impact on the environment. Market price supports policies and payments based on output, and payments based on unconstrained variable input use found to be the most environmentally harmful. In contrast, fully decoupled support payments based on non-current crop area are the least harmful. Soil nutrient balance; Greenhouse gas emissions; Water abstraction for agricultural activities; and biodiversity of agricultural lands (crop diversity and homogeneity of landscapes) are among the key indicators that its improvement and deterioration helps to explain the relationship between agriculture and the environment and recent studies by OECD countries show significant gains in some of these indicators.

To explain the approach and reasons for considering the agricultural innovation system as an instrument for agricultural development and the role of governments in its development and enhancement.Methodology of research: This paper, with an overview approach, seeks to highlight the agricultural innovation system, its affecting from agricultural policies, and the characteristics of the agricultural innovation system, with examples from the OECD and selected economies.

Governments, in light of the components of the agricultural innovation system, play an important role in maintaining knowledge infrastructures (such as biotechnology infrastructures ,Gene Bank, Agricultural Research Institutes, scientific networks and poles, and Databases) in both fields create and transfer knowledge that allows for joint efforts both with the private sector and internationally. Also, governments and international communities have recognized the importance of innovation for sustainable growth of productivity, and agreed that innovation in order to achieve sustainable growth, including through organizational change, mutual cooperation of economic sectors, more public and private investment in research and development, technology transfer and acceptance, education and counseling services should be prioritized.

The public sector continues to be the main source of financing for R & D in public or private organizations globally.

The main purpose of this study is offering lessons form agricultural and water resources development in China and India in different period for agricultural and water resources development of Iran. For this purpose، important policies in these countries are analyzed during 1961-2012. According to results، India and China using different approaches for solving problems in agriculture and water resource sectors that use of them are suitable for Iran. In this study، lessons form agricultural and water resources development for Iran are provided.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate impacts of monetary policy on macroeconomic variables and fluctuations with methods such as Rational Expectation (Azam theory), Pesaran and Shin and Hendry during 1973-2006.The results show that analyzing the impacts of real effective exchange rate(reer) and inflation rate(inf) in rational expectation framework isn’t possible. Both central bank policy tools have great impact on reer and inf (long run & short run). So choosing a good and suitable policy is very important for macroeconomic stability.