s. ahmadzadeh

Tarski’s theory of truth was first introduced in “The concept of truth in formalized languages.” In this paper, we introduce Tarski’s truth theory in detail, based on the mentioned article, and make its account clear about the main questions that he faced. Also, we argue that accepting Tarski’s theory of truth entails Platonism in mathematics.

With the growing awareness about cleaner surroundings, using natural materials in textile dyeing has been developed recently. In this way, in this research, one of the galls of the oak tree named Sichka was selected as a sample of cultural waste, and the optimal conditions of wool dyeing were investigated for the first time. The results show that sichka is a vast source of polyphenolic and tannins compounds and then can be considered an excellent candidate for wool dyeing and produced outstanding antibacterial properties. Results indicate that for the conditions used in our experiments, the optimum dyeing conditions are dye concentration of 45 % at the temperature of 80 ºC, time of 60 min, and pH of 4.5. The results also show that the wheat barn and citric acid were used as the bio- mordants to increase the affinity of wool yarns to the dye extract and improve dye fastness properties. It provides an excellent way to protect the ecosystem as much as possible and a space for new businesses with value-added.

Antibiotics are among the pollutants that have entered uncontrollably in the environment, and lead to serious environmental problems such as disrupting aquatic ecosystems, and causing health problems for humans and other organisms.  Therefore, it is necessary to remove them from the environment. In the current study, zeolite modified by cationic surfactant of cetylpyridinium bromide hydrate was employed as an adsorbent to remove tetracycline from the aqueous solution.

In this laboratory study, the effect of main variables, including initial tetracycline concentration, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and reaction time on the adsorption process was investigated. Adsorbent structural features were analyzed using FESEM, pH of zero point of charge (pHZPC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally, isotherm and kinetics of the adsorption process were studied.

The removal efficiency of 99.9% was achieved under the optimum condition, including initial tetracycline concentration of 11.5 mg L-1, pH of 6.0, the adsorbent dosage of 4.0 g L-1, and reaction time of 50 min. The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) was found to be 65.41 mg g-1. The adsorption process for tetracycline removal followed the Langmuir isotherm (R2=0.9996) and second-order kinetic model (R2=0.9957).

The adsorption process using zeolite modified by cationic surfactant was a suitable technique with high efficiency for removing tetracycline from contaminated wastewater.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI) is a lysosomal storage disorder and autosomal recessive caused by arylsulfatase B deficiency in the body and progressive accumulation of glycosaminoglycan in different organs. Considering that this disease has low prevalence in Iran and worldwide, we report a case of MPS VI diagnosis in this study.  A five-year-old boy was referred to Imam Khomeini Clinic in Esfarayen due to impaired growth and dyspnea. In the biography of this boy, there is the history of previous hospitalization due to dyspnea when he was three months, two years and three years old and was treated with antibiotics and salbutamol spray for three days each time. The pediatrician got suspicious of MPS because of the child's peculiar face. Blood tests were performed in terms of the levels of lysosomal enzymes and the urine sample was sent to the Metabolic Laboratory of Hamburg University Medical Center to study the glycosaminoglycan levels. After six months, the results of the tests indicated low levels of serum arylsulfatase B and the increase in chondroitin and urinary levels of dermatan sulfate. To investigate the presence of complications, echocardiography, electromyography, eye and ear examinations as well as radiography for chest, back, hip and hand were performed. Clinical and paraclinical findings confirmed the MPS VI disease and therefore, treatment with naglazyme enzyme was started for the patient. Based on the results of this case report, growth impairment, history of hospitalization due to respiratory problems and the patient’s peculiar face are key points for further investigation regarding MPS VI disease.

In this study, with the aim of increasing of butter aroma of industrial dough, tri-sodium citrate was used in dough formulation at concentrations of 10, 30 and 50 ppm, and the amount of phase separation, acidity and production of diacetyle during storage days (1-30day) was studied. The results showed that adding citrate reduced the acidity and by passing time, acidity increased. Minimum value of acidity for treatment was 50ppm and maximum amount was regarding for control treatment on the first day of storage. Also, the acidity was statically significant (P<0.05). A significant difference in the phase separation between all treatments, there was in a 30-day maintenance period (P<0.05). Minimum and maximum amount of phase separation was regarding to the treatment which was 50ppm concentration in the first day of storage period and control treatment in the 30th day, respectively. Also, by increasing the concentration of tri-sodium-citrate, phase separation during storage period decreased. The amount of diacetyl production induced up to 10ppm, by increasing trisodium-citrate concentration and maximum amount of diacetyl production was regarded to the 50ppm sample, which indicated a positive effect of tri-sodium-citrate on quality and aroma properties of the product.

Reticular space structures are widely selected as cover for large spaces, and are also used as refuge spaces for earthquake hit areas. Space structures are light and highly indeterminate and, for some time, these two properties caused researchers to take them as a-seismic structures. However, the 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan showed that although space structures are safer than conventional buildings, they are not completely a-seismic. Double layer grids (DLG) are one of the most frequently used types of space structure. The aim of this research is to introduce some relations for calculating the earthquake induced forces on these structures. The relations comprise of a) assessing the static equivalent vertical base shear of earthquake action on DLGs and b) assessing the distribution pattern of the vertical base shear on the nodes of these structures. These relations make assessment of the earthquake action on the double layer grids very easy and versatile.
In this research, for assessment of the vertical equivalent static earthquake loading on double layer grids, a set of double layer grids are established. These grids have the same conffguration but dierent dimensions. Also, ffve strong ground motions with high vertical components are selected. The acceleration records of the earthquakes are scaled for a very high seismic area. By numerous linear and nonlinear analyses, a formula for assessing the earthquake vertical base shear on DLGs is produced. Also, a set of equations for distribution of the base shear on the nodes of these structures is developed. In the ffnal stage, the versatility of the equations is examined on some double layer grids, and a comparison is made with the results of the equations of the code of practice of China. It is shown that the introduced equations in this research make the DLGs safer against strong ground motions.

S e v e r a l a s p e c t s o f a n e a r t h q u a k e, i n c l u d i n g t h o s e o f a s e i s m o l o g i c a l, e n g i n e e r i n g, a n d s o c i o-e c o n o m i c a l n a t u r e, m u s t b e u n d e r s t o o d a n d i n c o r p o r a t e d e f f e c t i v e l y b e f o r e t h e i m p a c t o f a n e a r t h q u a k e c a n b e p r e d i c t e d. E a r t h q u a k e d a m a g e a n d l o s s m o d e l i n g r e q u i r e s c o m p r e h e n s i v e a s s e s s m e n t o f e a r t h q u a k e h a z a r d, t h e s e i s m i c v u l n e r a b i l i t y o f t h e b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t a n d a s s o c i a t e d e x p o s u r e. O n e o f t h e s t e p s i n h a z a r d m i t i g a t i o n a n d t h e r e a l i s t i c m o d e l i n g o f d a m a g e, f a t a l i t i e s a n d c a u s a l i t y d u e t o f u t u r e e a r t h q u a k e s, i s t o a p p l y a p p r o p r i a t e d a m a g e a n d f a t a l i t y f u n c t i o n s. A m o n g d i f f e r e n t m e t h o d s f o r e v a l u a t i n g d a m a g e f u n c t i o n s, t h e m o s t r o b u s t m e t h o d i s t h e e m p i r i c a l m e t h o d, w h i c h i s b a s e d o n t h e d a m a g e i n f o r m a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n t b u i l d i n g t y p e s f r o m p a s t e a r t h q u a k e s. T h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f a p p r o p r i a t e d a m a g e f u n c t i o n s c o u l d p r o v i d e a n e s s e n t i a l i n p u t f o r t h e s e i s m i c h a z a r d m i t i g a t i o n p l a n b e f o r e a n e a r t h q u a k e, a s w e l l a s p r e p a r e d n e s s a n d r e s p o n s e p l a n s a f t e r a n e a r t h q u a k e. D a m a g e f u n c t i o n s v a r y f o r e a c h r e g i o n o r c o u n t r y, b a s e d o n t h e t y p e s o f s t r u c t u r e, m a t e r i a l s a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n m e t h o d s. T h e r e f o r e, t h e d a m a g e d a t a f r o m a p a s t e a r t h q u a k e s h o u l d b e c a r e f u l l y g a t h e r e d a n d a n a l y z e d. T h e n, t h e g r o u n d m o t i o n l e v e l, i n t h e f o r m o f s e i s m i c i n t e n s i t y, p e a k g r o u n d a c c e l e r a t i o n o r v e l o c i t y, n e e d s t o b e e s t i m a t e d i n d a m a g e d a r e a s a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n t o t h e o b s e r v e d d a m a g e o f s t r u c t u r e s s h o u l d b e i n v e s t i g a t e d. T o t h i s e n d, t h e r e c e n t e a r t h q u a k e s i n I r a n p r o v i d e a u n i q u e o p p o r t u n i t y t o d e v e l o p d a m a g e f u n c t i o n s, a n d t o s t u d y t h e i r r e l a t i o n s w i t h d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f d a m a g e e x p e r i e n c e d b y d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f s t r u c t u r e.I n t h i s p a p e r, t h e e m p i r i c a l d a m a g e f u n c t i o n s f o r n o n-e n g i n e e r i n g b u i l d i n g s (a d o b e a n d m a s o n r y s t r u c t u r e s) w e r e e v a l u a t e d i n t e r m s o f i n t e n s i t y a n d p e a k g r o u n d a c c e l e r a t i o n f o r t h e Z a r a n d r e g i o n. T h e b u i l d i n g d a m a g e d a t a w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e d a m a g e s u r v e y o f t h e 2005 D a h o o i y e h-Z a r a n d e a r t h q u a k e, b y t h e f i r s t a u t h o r, a n d t h o s e g a t h e r e d f r o m t h e d a m a g e r e p o r t p r o v i d e d b y d i f f e r e n t o r g a n i z a t i o n s. T h e e a r t h q u a k e i n t e n s i t y w a s e v a l u a t e d i n t h e d a m a g e d a r e a s c o n s i d e r i n g t h e v u l n e r a b i l i t y c l a s s a n d t h e d a m a g e g r a d e o f b u i l d i n g s u s i n g t h e E u r o p e a n M a c r o s e i s m i c S c a l e (E M S-98). F u r t h e r m o r e, p e a k g r o u n d a c c e l e r a t i o n w a s e s t i m a t e d f r o m t h e r e c o r d e d d a t a a n d b y a p p l i c a t i o n o f a n i n t e r p o l a t i o n t e c h n i q u e t o t h o s e e s t i m a t e d b y a t t e n u a t i o n r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n d a m a g e d a r e a s, w h e r e n o r e c o r d e d d a t a w e r e a v a i l a b l e. T h e n, t h e d a m a g e f u n c t i o n s f o r a h e a v y d a m a g e l e v e l (G4+G5) w e r e e v a l u a t e d f o r a d o b e a n d m a s o n r y s t r u c t u r e s, w h i c h w e r e t h e m a j o r t y p e s o f s t r u c t u r e i n t h e Z a r a n d e g i o n. T h e i n t r o d u c e d d a m a g e f u n c t i o n s r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e h e a v y d a m a g e t h r e s h o l d f o r n o n-e n g i n e e r i n g b u i l d i n g s i n t h e Z a r a n d r e g i o n i s a b o u t 100 c m/s$^2$ o r V I I o n t h e E M S-98 i n t e n s i t y s c a l e.