sahar maleki

Identifying the overall level of translocal resilience to drought in rural areas is of special importance for ensuring good rural governance. By identifying and ranking translocal resilience in these areas, it is possible to adopt appropriate management strategies to mitigate the damages caused by drought. The general purpose of this research is to evaluate the translocal resilience of rural settlements in the Shahu district of Ravansar city in response to drought conditions.This quantitative study is applied in nature and employs a descriptive-analytical method to prioritize the translocal resilience of the Shahu district. The TOPSIS technique was used to analyze resilience levels. The statistical population consists of the two districts of Ghori Qala and Mansour Aghaei, which include nine villages. A sample size of 285 individuals was determined using Cochran's formula.The results of the study indicate that the higher population density in some of the villages, due to their fluidity, dynamism, and proximity to the village center within an interconnected network of villages, has fostered the formation of numerous links and flows of capital, goods, products, information, technologies, and innovations. This process, combined with diverse income sources, extensive agricultural land under cultivation, and the adoption of innovations such as modified seeds through cooperative breeding methods and protective cultivation, has significantly contributed to livelihood stability. Additionally, experimental skills transferred from farmers in Hamadan Province have further enhanced translocal resilience during drought conditions for the mentioned villages.The findings of this study provide practical recommendations for fostering cooperation and coordination between villagers and officials, including those from the Agricultural Jihad, Ravansar Governorate, and other responsible institutions. Such efforts can promote good governance in the studied villages, reduce vulnerability, and enhance rural resilience to drought.

Academic Social Networks (ASNs) are significant in forming scientific interactions and increasing the visibility of researchers' scientific works. Considering the growing importance of ASNs, the current study aimed to investigate the presence of Lorestan University of Medical Sciences faculty members in ASNs and its relationship with citations in their articles. Scientometrics and survey methods were used in this study. The population comprised 291 faculty members at Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. A questionnaire and a data collection form were utilized to investigate the presence of faculty members on ResearchGate, Academia, and citation databases, including Web of Science and Scopus. Descriptive (mean, variance) and analytical statistics (chi-square, Pearson, and Independent Samples T-test at a significance level of 0.05) were used to analyze the data using SPSS software. Academics of the faculty of medicine were the most active members of ResearchGate. Associate professors had the highest RG score compared to other academic ranks. However, the highest frequency of membership belonged to assistant professors. Following other researchers' activities and sharing articles were mentioned as advantages of joining ASNs. Isolation, staying away from the real social environment, and lack of information security were also disadvantages of ASNs. There was a positive correlation between scores of altmetrics indicators in ASNs and scientometrics indicators in citation databases. Concerning a positive correlation between altmetrics and scientometrics indicators, ASNs increase the visibility of scientific works and hence increase their citation.

Lake Urmia is located in the northwest of Iran and is one of the largest permanent super-saline lakes in the world and the largest super-saline lake in the Middle East. In the last two decades, as a result of climate change and decrease in precipitation, increase in temperature and evaporation and many other factors that exacerbate drought, water consumption in the region has increased, as well as the construction of the Shahid Kalantari dam and bypass and the use of water from the rivers feeding the lake for agricultural purposes and A city caused a sharp decrease in the water of the lake. In this research, a conceptual model was presented to investigate the degree of influence and effectiveness and to determine the relative importance coefficients and their ranking by using the Dimetal integration method and the process of fuzzy network analysis and the matrix of effective factors to determine the weight coefficients using the F.D.ANP method, so that the most important parameters affecting To identify the dry land of Lake Urmia. The review of the sub-criteria prioritization showed that all the sub-criteria that are placed after the four management sub-criteria, except for the increase in temperature, decrease in rain and increase in evaporation, if a correct management plan was developed, the conditions of the lake's water drop would not have occurred or would have been much less severe.

Climate, as the average temperature or precipitation over a long period of time, is constantly fluctuating and changing. There is a complex relationship between climate change and human biological and cultural reactions (Weeks and Petrie, 2018). Increased dry conditions in the subtropics is one of the consequences of climate change that has been predicted by various models. While using the results of various paleo climate archives can reconstruct the climatic conditions of the past several thousand years and provide more accurate forecasts for the future. Due to the fact that the physical and chemical properties of sediments have an extraordinary power in recording climatic and environmental events with high sensitivity, so the use of sedimentary geochemical results in identifying and reconstructing the effects of dry climatic events is one of the most common method (Sai, 2004).

In order to identify and reconstruct the Middle and Late Holocene dry events, a 2-meter sediment core was used from the middle part of Heshilan marshland. The coring was performed using a Russian coroner. In this study, 5 samples were analyzed by radiocarbon method (C14-AMS) at the Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Denmark. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of the samples and measurements were performed using a COX Itrax CS37 scanner at the Bartington MS2C magnetometer at the Geogenetics Laboratory of the Copenhagen Geological Museum in Denmark. The magnetic susceptibility of the samples was measured with an accuracy of 5 mm and the Itrax analysis with an accuracy of 1 mm.

The study of climatic events of the last six thousand years showed the fluctuation of climate between cold, dry and warm phases in the study area, which was consistent with the climatic events of the northern hemisphere. The results showed that dust storms occurred in the period of 5400-5200, 4850-4700, 4200-3700, 3400- 3250, 2300-2100 and 1700-1500 years ago in the region. The length of the region's dry climatic periods has often been 200 years. The longest dry period identified in the region dates back to 4200-3700 years ago.

 One of the processes of the Quaternary era is the glacial and interglacial periods. In the glacial period, loesses deposited and in the interglacial period, Paleosoils were formed. The northern part of Iran is geographically the same as countries such as China, a large part of which has been covered with loess sediments during the Pleistocene glacial period. Loess sediments in northern Iran reflect several cycles of climate changes and the evolution of the earthchr('39')s appearance for the middle to late Quaternary period. In this region, the Loes-Paleosoil sequences are one of the most important terrestrial archives of climate change and provide a bridge between Southeast European and Central Asian loess sediments. To reconstruct paleoclimate changes, magnetic susceptibility is used as a climate proxy. The high magnitude of the magnetic susceptibility indicates the large volume of magnetic minerals. Chemical weathering causes the formation of magnetic minerals such as magnetite and maghemitite. These minerals are abundant in Paleosoils and can be determined by analyzing the magnetic susceptibility of Loess and Paleosoils. The magnetic properties of the Loess-Paleosoil sequence are considered to be evidence of paleo precipitation and weathering.Study area Geographical location of Saadabad sedimentary section in the northern region is 36° 49chr('39') N and 54° 22chr('39') E, at an altitude of 140 m a.s.l. Saadabad sedimentary section is located in the construction zone of Alborz and in terms of the main sedimentary-structural zones of Iran is part of the southern Caspian coast. This zone includes areas, which are located in the north of Alborz fault and block the Caspian Sea coast on the coast of Iran and are covered to the east with thick layers of loess.

In the field work that was carried out in May 2017, after determining the exact location of the sedimentary section, sampling was performed. Before sampling, aerated sedimentary layers are dug up and removed to reveal fresh deposits. Then, using the meter, the layers were divided into 10 cm intervals. 92 samples were prepared at 10 cm intervals from the sequence. Measurement of natural residue magnetic (NRM), by the model rotating magnetometer (JR-6A), and measurement of magnetic susceptibility by magnetic intensity measuring device, in the magnetometry laboratory of the Geological Survey of Iran.

Table 1 shows the measured values of the magnetic parameters. Due to the length of the table, only a few examples are given in the table. Since high magnetic susceptibility can indicate a greater concentration of magnetic minerals in the sample, it can be concluded that the paleosils of the sequence studied have more magnetic materials than the loesses, which are inside the soils. They can be the result of podogenesis processes. Because rising temperatures and humidity cause soil erosion processes and increase oxidation and thus increase the amount of magnetic materials, it can be concluded that in paleosoils with higher magnetic susceptibility, warm and humid climates dominate in the environment. Micromorphological studies of directional clay layers, Fe-Mn hydroxide, show that the palaeosoil of section 5 is moderate to well developed. As the climate changes to higher temperatures and higher humidity, weathering and pedogenesis also increase, leading to the development of a pedogenic oxidation environment as a result this produce the formation of tiny magnetic grains such as maghemite and magnetite in this oxidizer environment and thus increases the magnetic susceptibility. In Saadabad, the high amount of xlf along with the high percentage of xfd suggests that many of the ultra-fine maghemite and magentite grains may have been formed during pedogenesis under a long, humid, warm climate. The findings show that the different behaviors of magnetic susceptibility between the loess of the drier and wetter areas are mainly caused by their different pathogenic environments, which in turn are related to local topography and climatic conditions.

High levels of xlf and xfd indicate high precipitation during the formation of Paleosoils. Post-sedimentation processes may increase the amount of MS by producing new ferromagnetic minerals during the oxidation of wheathered soils, and may also reduce the amount of MS by reducing the processes. The clay material in which the soil is made is the main factor influencing the change in magnetic mineralogy and magnetic susceptibility. This study also shows that magnetic susceptibility is a complex parameter and its use as a precipitation control has certain limitations and conditions, and when the magnetic properties of the loesses are used for paleo climate reconstruction, more attention should be paid to topography, environment. Sediment and weather factors.

Drying of Lake of Urmia will have irrecoverable effects on the environment of the region. In this study, with
due attention to the requirements of the problem, first we identify the parameters affecting the drying of Urmia
Lake, then we propose a conceptual model of network structure. As the parameters of the conceptual model
are interdependent, we use an integrated DEMATEL and Fuzzy Analytic Network Process technique in order to
assess the impacts and impressionability of those parameters as well as relative importance weights and ranking
thereof. The results indicated that among main criteria, "management aspect" had the greatest impact and the
maximum importance weight. Also among sub-criteria, "lack of strategic plan about the preservation of lake in
the past years and updating it" ranked as first in terms of intensity of impacts. Moreover, "Lack of attention to
the environment among managers and focusing on short-term goals" acquired the maximum importance weight.
According to the results, it seems necessary for the managers to switch from mere economical attitude, towards
environmental protective and preservative attitude

In Iran, during the Zandieh era, the military organization there was not much difference from the Afsharid and Safavid era, so the methods and tactics used by the military forces were in fact an overview of previous courses. In this period the old warfare method was based on the supremacy of the manpower and the brave and heroic warfare. But the use of proper and appropriate methods of battle also played a major role in the victory or defeat of the troops. During the Zandieh era, various methods were used to win the battle such as: therumors of wounding, capturing or killing the commander of the opposing forces, the plundering of the enemy soldiers by giving money andother gifts, starting the war inthe spring, avoiding thebattle in plains and open spaces, using walls and ditches to protect the cities, building fortifications to break the siege andnight attack.If used the methods correctly and appropriately,would have led to victory inthe battles. Zandieh's troops tried to use all of these methods to win the battles.This ledto their success in many conflicts.In the present research,it will be tried to answer the question with using the descriptive-analytical method and reference tothe first-handresources,which has contributed to the success of the military forces of the Zandia forces,especially during the period of Karim Khan Zand.The research'sachievement is that Zandieh army,with the presence of commanding commanders like Karim Khan,was ableto achieve the greatest success in the battle with the proper and timely use of various methods ofbattle

The extinction, adjustment and/or adaptation of flora and fauna have been affected by climate changes through environmental elements alteration. The results from the previous studies showed that there was a relation between domestication of wheat, genetic variation and paleo-climatic conditions. Wheat has been adapted to colder and severe winds climatic conditions with formation of small cell and changing in size and shape of seeds together with shortening and thickening of stem approximately 12500 years ago. The studies showed that wheat crop was planted in the Fertile Crescent region for the first time and then spread out in other geographical areas. Structural and behavioral characters of wheat crop were made in different climatic periods so that it was disappeared in some geographical areas and adapted to others with the environment. As extent of plant communities were changed during different climatic periods, some crops dead and some of them were adapted to the new conditions. To understand that how much climate change have affected on domestication and evolution of wheat crop and the crop how much will be able for adaptation to future climate change, it needs to know about the domestication and evolution trend of wheat in different climatic periods. By identifying the relationship between climate and wheat morphology and genetic, It is possible to predict the future changes of the strategic plant under different scenarios of climate change. The highly adapted species can be selected on the basis of precipitation and temperature changes in the future. In addition, the suitable regions can be introduced for planting the crop.
In this study, about 80 national and international papers in the field of wheat genetic variations has been studied since its inception of Gramineae family. The effects of climate changes on different species of wheat were investigated in various periods as well. With regards to the growth and development together with the adaptation of the crop in different regions and climates in the past, the suitable climate as well as location were detected for planting in the future.
Gramineae family has been evolved during the Cretaceous period 55 million years ago. Although, phytolithes found in dinosaur fossils showed that the plants have existed 66 million years ago (Payprnv, 2005). Cretaceous is the third period of the Mesozoic era after Triassic and Jurassic in which occurred 145 to 65 million years ago and lasted seventy million years of the Cenozoic is the longest period. The area of broadleaf forest, grasses species and Gramineae family increased in North Africa and the Fertile Crescent in 110000 to 116000 years ago (Underhill et al., 2001). Wild Einkorn grains found in the Fertile Crescent has the precedence more than 12,500 years (Ren plentiful, 1979), but the grains of the domesticated type discovered in archaeological sites in Greece, Cyprus and Balkans of has the precedence of 9500 years old. Einkorn wheat was very important for early farmers in Central Europe (7000 years ago). The genetic studies on Einkorn wheat showed that it was grown in the basaltic foothills of the mountains of Karajadagh in southeastern Turkey as a volunteer plants, and settlements used the grains and later to cultivate it (WAN-friendly, 1981). Emmer wheat domestication was one of the most important stages of its domestication. Emmer wheat of Tetraploid and is the ancestor of T. dicoccoides. Wild emmer wheat is AABB with T.uratu gene Which causes relent and fragility of grains and the ear (Worrack and others, 1993). An accurate studies were not done about the domestication of wheat together with at what time epigenetic changes occurred in Einkorn and Emmer wild type in Iran. Research Results showed that the dominant food of Zagros residents was cereals (especially wheat) at 9000 years ago (Brvshky et al., 2016).
Man collected wild grains at least 20,000 years ago and knew that plants are grown better in a certain conditions. They were produced less yield or dead due to pests and disease at some years time. Recent finding related to results of survey of wild genes of agricultural products revealed that domestication of plant have been often took place in Asia more than 12,500 years ago (Salamís and others, 2002). Einkorn and emmer wheat, barley, peas, lentils, buffalo pea and flax were domesticated at the first time in the Fertile Crescent (Hillman, 1966). Einkorn wheat Was the first variety which successfully cultivated. It was a diploid species that was domesticated in the Fertile Crescent more than 12,500 years ago. Although, the cultivation the wheat was stopped in 5500 years ago. As polyploidy species had more adaptation with warm climate conditions, People began to cultivate it. In addition, it was harvested easier than einkorn type and had softer Glume as compared to einkorn one. Current wheat, hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum) are a conjunction between the emmer wheat tetraploid (emmer Triticum turgidum)and diploid species. It could be said that bread wheat in the nature does not wild ancestor of hexaploid and it is considered as a hybrid or transplant plant.
The Climatic conditions in the Younger Dryas period caused the most metagenesis changes in wheat that cultivated by inhabitants of the Fertile Crescent. This period was a period of cold climate in Europe whose an ice age happened and agricultural practices was only in the lower latitudes such as areas located in southwest Asia, southern parts of the Mediterranean and southern parts of India and China. Wheat crop can reduce the transpiration surface area by forming small cells against dry conditions. From the middle East, wheat migrated China throughout the Silk Road and other transportation routes, southern parts of central China was old and drier than the Middle East. The southern China districts had a warm humid climate in 7,000 years ago, but there was a relatively cool and dry conditions 6300 years ago and the size of grains of wheat and rice were smaller and similar to its current state at the same time. The size of wheat seed was reduced in the 2000-5000 years ago; It could be said that climate change during the Yangrdryas period has been effective on domestication and increasing the power adaptation of wheat in different geographical areas. However before that, wheat was cultivated for a long time but, it did not have the properties of domesticated wheat. Cold and dry climatic conditions in Yangrdryas (12,500 years ago) and dry climate in 5000-6000 years ago causes increasing the resistance of wheat and, created more morphological and metagenesis changes. According to the report (IPCC, 2007) warming of the Earth by 0.13 degrees Celsius per decade in the last 50 years is almost two times of the rate of recent past 100 years. Temperature increase has been estimated 0.74 degrees Celsius in the last century. Wheat is sensitive to high temperature, but the sensitivity depends on several factors such as variety, ambient temperature in which corn growth and its growth stages. The experiments showed that temperature increase affected wheat growth, and this reduces the crop growth period and the crop yield and quality will be decreased, consequently. Warmer climatic conditions is effective in reduction of fertility, changes in size, crop seed shape and quality, and achievement of consistency with current climatic conditions for cereals in low and middle latitudes. With the transferring of agricultural belts to high latitudes, although, there will be a desirable temperature conditions to grow wheat, factors including high humidity, poor soil organic matter, and low thickness of the soil are the most important issues that restrict the wheat cultivation. Moreover, the probability of the pests and fungus outbreak will be increased for cereals.

Intruduction: The research specifically examines the Quaternary magmatism of Kurdistan (Bijar) and its relationship with the region's tectonics. Due to parallelism with Zagros main fault and continental collision zone, it seems that such magmatism indicates continental collision zone as well. But the reason of this magmatism is not clear. However, there are examples in the world that can represent magmatism in this region continued even with 15 million years interval. Considering the breadth of the magma composition, thickness of the lithosphere can be an important parameter in understanding of magma petrogenesis. Reported thickness of the lithosphere in the study area is about 150-200 km. The thickness of lithosphere causes changes in the composition and chemistry of magma in the region. One of the points in this research is phase delay activing after the closure of Neotethys Ocean till Quaternary magmatism. Allen et al. (2013) provided a model for melting involving subduction and dewatering of sediment of Arabian passive margin beneath the Eurasian plate as a result of melting of the Eurasian lithosphere. In this study, it was necessary to consider more precisely these three reservoirs of magma in terms of petrography and chemistry and then rising of these magmas and its relation with Area’s tectonic. Observations show three sources of magma in different combinations and sometimes different chemistry. So, magmatism of Bijar can provide a good view of the processes that control the composition of the continental lithosphere.
Field study and systematic sampling were performed in vertical and horizontal orientation from the volcanic flows. 70 samples were taken in order to thin section preparation and petrography. 30 samples were selected for chemical analysis and investigation of major and trace elements. Samples from new units and nonmethamorphic area were analyzed by the methods like XRF (S4) (in determination of major elements), ICP (in determination of trace elements) and XRD (in order to mineralogy of powder samples) in geological survey of Iran.
Bomb fragments, Lapilli, ash and scories can be seen around the crater of the volcano. The Gneissic xenoliths in Quaternary basalts can be seen. It created Porphyiric texture that contains fine-grained or sometime glassy context with big crystals in it. Although in some thin sections, Microlite and intergranular texture were observed. The main minerals are Olivine, Pyroxene and Plagioclase. Subsidiary minerals are visible as apatite and Opak minerals. According to geochemical investigations, rocks in this area are located in Sodic-Potasic alkaline or potasic zone. In the process of some of the elements such as MgO, SiO2, TiO2, Sr, Rb, Zr, Y, Th, Pb, Zr/ Y, Rb/ Th increasing and in some of the elements such as CaO, Co, Ga reduction can be seen. In some cases on the variation diagrams, samples are sporadic and do not show a clear linear trend. The slope of diagram of REE distribution pattern- chondrite (Nakamura, 1974) in the rocks of the area is negative and LREE elements are more enriched than HREE elements. The rocks do not show negative Eu anomaly. In the distribution pattern diagram of trace elements of the area rocks versus mantle rocks (Wood et al., 1979) Titan depletion is observed. Niobium and tantalum also show a slight depletion. Given that the basalts of the area were alkaline, they got compared to alkaline basalts of the Afar and Kenya Rift (Eastern African Rift). Tectono-magmatic diagrams are also used somewhat to determine tectonical environment associated with eruption of these magmas. Microscopic studies show that the texture of rocks in this area is more hyaloporphyry, microlitic porphyry, hyalomicrolitic porphyry, and sometimes intergranular. Phenocrysts of clinopyroxene, olivine and plagioclase in Microlitic context are made of the same minerals and glass. Petrographic studies show that differentiation, digestion and pollution have contributed to the formation of rocks in this area. The evidence of differentiation in these rocks is presence of minerals like Glomeroporphyritic and Glomerocryst and also the presence of olivine, clinopyroxene, Plagioclase with Labradorit- bentonite composition in basaltic rocks. Evidence for digestion and pollution is presence of quartzic Gezenocrysts with reactive margin of pyroxen and presence of gneiss zenolite.
According to the major elements diagrams, the rocks belong to the series of alkaline basaltic. In terms of amount of potassium, they located in the range of potassium from moderate to high. According to the major elements changes diagram versus DI, crustal contamination and subtraction have been effective in the process of rocks formation. Considering the trace elements changes diagram versus DI, it can be also concluded that differentiation process has been effective in the formation of rocks. According to the distribution that is sometimes seen in these diagrams, and the high average of crustal elements abundance (Elements that have a high concentration in the crust, such as Rb) and vertical trends, it can be said that in addition to differentiation, the phenomenon of magma contamination with crust is also effective in rocks formation. The selective diagrams of trace elements also indicates that in addition to differentiation, other processes such as magma contamination have been involved in the petrogenesis of intermediate magmatic rocks. It can concluded from the negative slope of REE diagram namely the high LREE versus HREE, the difference between pattern of rocks in this area with diagonal basalt pattern, similarity of the sedentary element pattern like Y, Yb, Sr to the OIB alkaline basalts pattern (resulting of low grade partial melting of the enriched asthenospheric mantle) and also the alkaline composition of basalts in this area which the origin of basaltic magma was not from a depleted mantle source but rather originated from an enriched mantle source and is a result of relatively low degree partial melting. The high LREE is not necessarily the reason for the low component melting and generally factors such as magma origin (asthenosphere or lithosphere). Mineralogy and composition of minerals entered during melting, the degree of partial melting, fractional crystallization, magma subtraction and the volatiles can cause this condition. Considering distinctive tectonical diagrams and evidences in continental crust, tectonical environment is a continental inter plate environment. These diagrams reinforce hypothesis of rocks formation in a tensile environment. Especially that these lavas belong to Quaternary and there is not any active subduction system in Iran right now.