yahya pasdar

Context: 

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been extensively studied in recent years, but the optimal dietary patterns for improving this condition remain unclear.

Evidence Acquisition: 

Therefore, this umbrella review aimed to summarize the available evidence from meta-analyses on the relationship between various dietary patterns and NAFLD.

Two independent researchers identified published meta-analyses of interventional and observational studies that investigated the relationship between dietary patterns and NAFLD by searching electronic databases up until March 2023 and extracting relevant information. The pooled effect size of dietary patterns on NAFLD was evaluated using the standard mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Fourteen meta-analyses met the inclusion criteria.

All NAFLD-related outcomes, including hepatic steatosis, Fatty Liver Index (FLI), liver stiffness, and liver enzymes, were significantly affected by a calorie-restricted diet. Similarly, following the Mediterranean diet had beneficial effects on improving these outcomes. The findings support the role of a calorie-restricted diet and a Mediterranean diet in improving NAFLD, alongside the treatment protocol for these patients.

For accurate dietary intake assessments, the need for accurate and valid tools is urgent. These tools, in addition to easy use, immediately show a complete analysis of food intake in the form of macronutrients and micronutrients. The aim of this study was to design and validate the web-based Persian Food Composition to determine the calories and nutrients consumed.

The present basic applied study was conducted using PHP 7.1 programming language for the systematic implementation of the system and also Laravel 8 framework in order to use the features of an integrated and comprehensive coding framework for designing a web-based food recall and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). After designing the present system, we entered the dietary intake information of 40 participants into the Persian Food Composition.  Then we compared Persian Food Composition with the Nutritionist IV (N4) software.

A significant positive correlation was observed between calorie intake, macronutrients and major micronutrients of the Persian Food Composition with those of N4. This system has the potential of instant output in the form of Excel files in both Persian and English languages. It also can store large amounts of information and is suitable for epidemiological studies. Meanwhile, this system provides a user-friendly output in a printable version for the user, which can be used in nutrition clinics.

The present study led to the design of the Persian Food Composition that can be a suitable alternative to N4 software for dietary intake assessment in research and clinical practice. It has the capability to add food items for each city and can be used in all cities of Iran.

 Aggression and suicide attempt are behaviors that affect public health. To better understand the nature of these behaviors, the present study was conducted to investigate the concurrence of suicide attempt and aggression in young people. This study sought to identify those factors which contribute to the co-occurrence of suicide attempt and aggression in young people.

 The present study was part of the recruitment phase of Ravansar youth cohort study (a branch of the PERSIAN Cohort) with a sample of 2991 people from Ravansar in western Iran. Registration and data collection were done between October 2014 and January 2017. Data were collected using structured interviews and standard questionnaires, and analyzed using multi-nominal logistic regression analysis.

 The results showed that the variables of age and education were significant correlates of concurrence of suicide attempt and aggression. Also, among the mental disorders, only major depressive disorder (MDD) (OR=8.34, P=0.001) predicted the concurrence of suicide attempt and aggression in the past 12 month. In contrast, the variables of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), dysthymia, and substance use disorder were not significant in predicting the concurrence of attempted suicide and aggression.

 The occurrence of aggression and suicide in young people is a complex phenomenon, and more research should be done to better understand this phenomenon.

Serological studies are based on the detection of antibodies. However, the produced antibodies decrease over time; therefore, such methods cannot provide a valid estimate of prevalence and incidence. The present study aimed to determine the serum prevalence and cumulative incidence in the Ravansar cohort population (Youth and RaNCD Cohort) in October 2020.

A random sample of 716 people aged > 18 years old were selected from the participants in the Ravansar cohort study in October 2020. Euroimmun anti-SARS COV-2 IgG ELISA kits (Lübeck, Germany) were used to measure antibody levels. Seroprevalence was estimated with considering of cut-off = 1, and cumulative incidence (modified and modified based on test specificity) was determined using modeling.

In the present study, the serum prevalence of COVID-19 viral infection in the Ravansar cohort population from 22 October 2020 to 18 November 2020 was estimated to be %35.16 (95%CI: %31.64, %38.79). Modified Cumulative incidence and modified based on test characteristics from 20 February to 18 November 2020 were estimated to be %68.85 and %67.71, respectively. 

Although very high cumulative incidence may be a sign of approaching herd immunity, adherence to health protocols is still recommended due to the potential role of asymptomatic cases in transmitting the disease to other members of the community; and the presence of new variants of the virus and reduced antibody levels should be considered.

Clinical trials concerning the effect of supplements or multivitamin on improving the quality of life have proven different results. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of multivitamin supplement on quality of life of the elderly.

Sixty‑four old people over 65 years of age in Kermanshah Elderly Care Center participated in this randomized trial. The samples were first selected using the convenience sampling and then were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received one multivitamin mineral (MVM) supplement capsule every day for 3 months with no intervention for the control group. Standard quality of life questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 22.

The mean age of the participants was 70.77 ± 8.29 years. The results of intra‑group evaluation of the aspects of quality of life of the elderly show the lack of significant changes in the mean scores of physical health and environmental health of the elderly in the intervention group (P > 0.05) and the significant reduction of these aspects in the control group (P < 0.05) after intervention. The mean score of mental health scores in the intervention group significantly increased (P = 0.01), but there are no significant changes in the control group (P = 0.273). The mean scores of social relationships as well as the overall score of quality of life in the intervention and control groups showed no significant changes (P > 0.05).

The present study showed that the consumption of MVM supplements can have a positive effect on increasing the quality of life of the elderly, but it is recommended to be done in the long term along diet. Moreover, considering the fact that no change was observed in the other aspects of the quality of life, attentions should be paid to the environmental and social factors such as social supports and empowerment of the old people in the future studies.

Few pieces of evidence are available about the association between occupational exposure to vegetable oil and the risk of blood lipid problems. This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between exposure to vegetable oil and blood lipid profile in a vegetable oil factory.

This retrospective cohort study was carried out on 30 male workers exposed to vegetable oil as an exposed group and 30 male office workers as an unexposed group in a vegetable oil factory. Blood lipid profiles as total cholesterol, triglycerides, Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) were measured by analyzing the blood samples in both groups in a clinical laboratory.

There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of age, body weight, height, Body Mass Index (BMI), and physical activity. The results showed significantly higher mean levels of triglyceride and LDL in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group (P < 0.001), while HDL mean levels in the exposed group were significantly lower than the unexposed group (P < 0.001).

The findings revealed the possible association between blood lipid disorders and occupational exposures to vegetable oil. Further researches are proposed to study the mechanisms of occupational respiratory and skin lipid absorptions in different types of vegetable oils.

Hypothyroidism is a prevalent condition in various regions all over the world, including Iran. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with thyroid dysfunctions in Ravansar area, Kermanshah province. Due to hypo and hyperthyroidism diversity and pathogeneses complexity, machine learning was also integrated; it is as an accurate and potent method for the dimensionality reduction to realize the study objective.

In this study, 10069 individuals participated from Ravansar area. Data were taken from the Ravansar Non-Communicable Diseases (RaNCD) cohort study, which is a part of national PERSIAN cohort. Feature selection was done using random forests machine learning tool. The two thyroid diseases correlation was explored through conventional statistical procedures.

 Female sex was the most significant risk factor for hypothyroidism (OR=6.24, CI: 4.13-9.63; P<0.001). Depression (OR=2.07, CI: 1.34-3.09; P<0.001), age group of 45-55 years (OR=1.56, CI: 1.18-2.07; P<0.01), daily salt consumption of >10 gr (OR=1.87, CI: 1.15-2.90; P<0.01), kidney stone (OR=1.35, CI: 1.02-1.78; P<0.05) and unsaturated fats intake (OR=1.01, CI: 1.00-1.02; P<0.05) were significantly associated with underactive thyroid condition. No significant associated factor was found for hyperthyroidism.

 Female sex is a global well-established hypothyroidism-associated factor. The results of the present study suggest taking some measures to reduce hypothyroidism, by addressing the intervening factors.

 Obesity of children and adolescents has many different detrimental effects on body image, self-esteem (SE), depression and social isolation that are effective on their mental and social health.

 The purpose of this study was to predict the quality of life (QOL) of obese and overweight girl students in Kermanshah city based on self-esteem, mental health and sleep quality variables.

 The research is a descriptive-analytical study that 419 obese and overweight girl students were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling and simple random sampling. For collection of needed data, several questionnaires including demographic, Rosenberg self-esteem, Goldberg general health, Pittsburgh sleep quality questionnaires and quality of life questionnaire related to word health organization were used. The BMI estimation method of the centers for disease control was used to determine overweight and obesity. Obtained data were analyzed using regression analysis in SPSS (Ver. 19) software environment.

 The result of simple linear regression analysis showed that self-esteem, sleep quality and mental health variables, predict 0.11, 0.20, and 0.25 of the variance of total score for QOL, respectively. Multiple regression results indicated that mental health and sleep of quality variables had a significant effect on all dimensions and overall QOL scores (P < 0.01) simultaneously. The increasing effect of self-esteem on the dimensions of social relationships (P < 0.005), environmental health (P < 0.01) and overall QOL score (P < 0.01) was significant. According to obtained results, QOL has a direct and significant correlation with self-esteem (P < 0.01) mental health (P < 0.001) and, sleep quality (P < 0.001).

 Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that mental health is the most important and influential factor on the quality of life of obese adolescent girls. The results of this study indicated that a planning is need to promote girls’ mental health.

Motivational strategies are important determinants in students’ academic achievement.

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of motivational strategies in prediction of grade point average (GPA) among university students.

This analytical cross-sectional study recruited 300 students of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Sampling was done by simple random sampling with probability proportional to size in each faculty. Participants filled out a self-administered questionnaire including the motivational strategies components, GPA status, and background variable. Data were analyzed in SPSS-16 using Pearson’s correlation and linear regression.

The participants’ age ranged 18 to 29 with a mean of 21.08 ± 1.26 years. GPA was significantly associated with the motivational strategies (r = 0.137 and P = 0.026). The motivational strategies components accounted for 9% of the variation in the outcome measure of the GPA. Extrinsic goal orientations (beta = 0.279 and P < 0.001) and test anxiety (beta = -0.287 and P < 0.001) were the best predictors of GPA.

Based on our results, planning educational programs to increase extrinsic goal orientation and reduce the test anxiety may be enhancing GPA among university students.

In most combat sports, athletes are classified according to their body weight, and many of them attempt to lose weight quickly.

Since the effects of rapid weight loss (RWL) on competitive performance are somewhat ambiguous, this study aims to review high-risk behaviors used for RWL, to assess food intake and anthropometric data in combat sports athletes, and to investigate the negative effects of RWL on physiological and health-related parameters.

This systematic review study was conducted by searching the PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus databases using keywords, including (combat sports, RWL, high-risk behaviors) and (food intake, anthropometric measurements) from 2001 to 2017. After screening based on the title and abstract of identified studies, 17 articles met our inclusion criteria and were included in this review.

The results of the studies indicated a high prevalence of RWL among athletes, which was often due to reduced body fluids. At the same time, lower-level athletes often used more dangerous methods, such as fasting, skipping meal, and fluid restriction. This method can negatively affect athletes’ mental status and athletic performance.

Regarding the negative effects of short-term adjustment of weight on physiological and mental function, further studies suggest athletes to consume a balanced and varied diet including all food groups.

Food security and access to sufficient healthy food are the basic needs of humans. Food insecurity may cause severe health and nutritional problems. Therefore, assessment of food security and the influential factors is essential in different communities. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of food insecurity in the households in Kermanshah in the west of Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted at 1,185 households in Kermanshah city, which were selected from eight areas via cluster sampling. Data were collected using the questionnaire of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson's correlation-coefficient, and Kruskal-Wallis test.

In total, 69.5% of the households had food insecurity. Significant correlations were observed between food insecurity and family size, occupation status of the household head, number of rooms, monthly income, and education level (P = 0.001).

According to the results, food insecurity was highly prevalent in the families in Kermanshah. Therefore, planning and implementation of interventional programs by organizations are recommended for better food access and improving the quality and quantity of food consumption in families.

Obesity in adolescents is associated with not only physical and psychological problems but also a decrease in educational performance. This study aimed to determine the behavioral and psychological factors associated with academic performance in overweight and obese girl students in Kermanshah, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 419 overweight and obese girl high school students of Kermanshah in 2017, who were selected through two-stage cluster sampling. Data were collected using the standard questionnaires including high school students’ academic performance, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Goldberg’s General Health Questionnaire, Littleton’s Body Image Concern Inventory, physical activity subscale of Walker’s Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Data analysis for structural equation modeling was performed using IBM SPSS AMOS 21 software.

Self-esteem was also found to have significant direct (β = 0.412) and indirect (β = 0.142) effects on academic performance, with direct effects being stronger (p <0.001). Body image, physical activity, general health, and sleep quality were found to have a significant direct effect on academic performance (P <0.05). However, they also had a significant indirect effect on this variable through the mediation of general health (P <0.05). Together, these variables accounted for 35% of the variance in academic performance.

Self-esteem, body image, physical activity, and sleep quality affect the academic performance of obese and overweight girl high school students not only directly but also indirectly through general health. The results of this study demonstrate the mediating role of mental health in predicting the academic performance of overweight and obese girl students.

One of the main nutritionally important food compositions is fat and fatty acid. High levels of some fats leave irreversible effects on community health in the long term. The present study was conducted to determine the amount of fatty acids in meat products.

In the present cross-sectional study, eight types of meat products available on the market were investigated because of their importance, including kebab, hamburger, sausage, red meat, chicken and canned tuna. For the greater accuracy of the results, three fresh samples were prepared from each product and tests were repeated. Fatty acids were extracted from oils by Folch method, and purified following extraction and methylation by AOCS method. Samples obtained were analyzed in a gas chromatography device.

The most frequent saturated fatty acids were palmitic and stearic acids in burgers, and palmitic and caproic acids in salami and canned tuna. The most frequent trans-fatty acid (elaidic acid) was found in burgers (15.98 ± 4.69 %). The most frequent saturated fatty acid (SFA) was found in burgers with 62%, which was significantly higher than canned tuna and salami (P = 0.012). The highest level of PUFA was observed in canned tuna (28.6%) and the lowest in burgers (4.6%) (P < 0.001). The ratio of PUFA/MUFA varied from 0.15% in burgers to 1.08% in canned fish (P < 0.001). The ratio of PUFA/SFA was favorable in salami and tuna, but low in burgers (0.07%). The ratios of PUFA/MUFA and PUFA/SFA were different in three groups of protein content foods (P < 0.05).

The study revealed that burgers contained higher SFA and TFA levels and lower and PUFA/SFA ratio compare to other studied food groups. Including fatty acids content mainly TFA and SFAs on food labeling highly recommended to improve public nutritional knowledge for choosing safe foods

This study aimed to examine the association between smoking and obesity among adults in Kermanshah Province, west of Iran.
Study design: A cross-sectional study.
A total of 8822 participants, aged 35-65 yr, form Ravansar Non-communicable Disease (RaNCD) cohort study (2014-2016) were enrolled. Smoking habits were categorized in terms of smoking status (current, former and never smokers) and smoking intensity (light, moderate and heavy). General obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 and abdominal obesity were defined as a waist to hip ratio (WHR) ≥90 for men and ≥85 for women. Multiple logistic regressions were used to examine the association between general and abdominal obesity with smoking status and smoking intensity while controlling for age, sex, years of education and wealth index.
Overall, 12% were current smokers, 8.4% former smokers and 79.6% never smokers. The prevalence of light, moderate and heavy smokers among current smokers was 30.8%, 18%, and 51.2%, respectively. The prevalence of general obesity was 27.6%, while the prevalence of abdominal obesity was 82.3%. The probabilities of general and abdominal obesity for current smokers were lower than never smokers by 34% and 36%, respectively. The probability of abdominal obesity for heavy smokers was 31% lower than light smokers. We did not observe significant associations between smoking intensity and general obesity.
Current smokers compared to never smokers were less likely to be obese. The reverse association between smoking and obesity; however, should not be interpreted as a causal relationship.

Epidemiologic studies indicated that dietary pattern plays a determinant role in cancer incidence. They also indicated that 1/3 of cancers are associated to foods. Diet contains different carcinogenic agents: naturally occurring chemicals, synthetic components and compounds produced during cooking such as kebab. This traditional food is one of the most popular foods in the Middle East, particularly in Iran. Red meat, especially lamb or veal, is the most common meat used in preparation of kebab. Since kebab is considered as a food containing carcinogenic compounds, so the purpose of this study was to assess the consumption pattern of kebab in a sample of Iranian adults and its relationship with demographic characteristics.
This cross-sectional study was conducted between March and April 2015 on 705 Iranian adults who were living in Kermanshah province in the west of Iran. Subjects were selected randomly from different districts of Kermanshah. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey which had been designed by academic members of Department of Nutrition at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Data analysis was performed using SPSS Version 20. The results were expressed as mean ± SD. Student’s t-test, ANOVA and chi-square tests were performed to compare the study groups. The normality of data was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. All results were analyzed using a significance level of P The results indicated that nearly 60% of subjects have a high tendency to consume kebab. The average of kebab consumption among the participants in this study was 4 times per month. Nearly, 85% of study participants tended to consume kebab with a large amount of salt. The chi-square test determined the significant difference between education and tendency to consume kebab; individuals with higher level of education had more tendency to consume kebab than those having lower level of education (p=0.021). In this study, 93.9% of participants used charcoal, a cooking fuel, to prepare kebab.
The results of this study point out that the study participants, regardless of socio-economic status, consume high amounts of kebab, and thus this unhealthy eating habit will increase the risk of carcinogenesis. Therefore, the immediate attention of Public Health Officials is required.

Depression is one of the most common secondary effects of HIV / AIDS that affects quality of life and treatment process which accelerates the progression of disease. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression and its relationship with quality of life and physical activity in patients with HIV / AIDS. This cross-sectional study was done on 340 people with HIV / AIDS who refers to behavioral health counseling center of Kermanshah province. Using the Beck Depression Inventory, quality of life and physical activity were collected. The data were analyzed by chi-square test, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, t-test, ANOVA and logistic regression analysis. The average age of participants was 38.53± 8.86 years. The average quality of life in the areas of physical health scores was 11.76±2.73, mental health was 11.10±2.70, Social Relations was 12.12±2.86 and environment health was11.16±2.19. Quality of life in mental health area of married individuals were more (11.63 ± 2.76) than singles (10.79 ± 2.60) significantly (p = 0.004). The social area score of married individuals (12.62 ± 2.78) were more than singles (11.71 ± 2.88) significantly (p = 0.002). The prevalence of depression was 61.01% with confidence interval of (55.80 – 66.22) which was more in men (66.04 %) than women (52.03%) (P=0.011). The risk of depression in men versus women's was 2.34 (OR= 2.52; CI=1.22 - 4.48). The findings of this study revealed the high prevalence of depression in people with HIV/AIDS which is notable and it has a role in decreasing the quality of life, particularly in the area of physical health and mental health. Recommending provide appropriate counseling to prevent and reduce depression in this group of people.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a common pathogenic background and shares many risk factors such as hypertension, metabolic syndrome and obesity. This study aimed to determine the relationship between dietary factors and body composition in NAFLD suffering patients. A case-control study designed, 250 patients (n = 125 in each group) were studied. Data was collected using a Body Impedance Analyzer and FFQ questionnaires. The data were analyzed in Stata-11 using the Mann-Whitney test, a t-test, and logistic regression. The Mean BMI was 30.41 ± 5.7 and 26.41 ± 3.8 kg/m2 in the case and control groups, respectively (p = 0.001). In patients with NAFLD, 44.7% showed a BMI over 30 (obese), and in the control group it was 12.5%. The amount of protein intake in the case and control groups was 87.74 ± 52.10 and 97.007 ± 75.55 g/d (P = 0.02), respectively. Fiber intake was 23.12 ± 14.57 g/d in the case group and 25.74 ± 34.71 g/d in the control group (P = 0.3). Vitamin E intake in 69.7% of NAFLD and 74.78% of control group was lower than the RDA recommended level. The study showed that NAFLD subjects have a higher BMI than healthy individuals. Obesity and the low intake of vitamin E, protein, and fiber can be a predicting factor of the incidence or progression of fatty liver.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as major stem cells for cell therapy, have been studied from different aspects in preclinical and clinical settings for more than a decade. These cells modulate the immune system (humoral and cellular immune responses) in vitro by producing soluble factors (anti-inflammatory molecules) and/or making cell-cell contacts. Hence, they could be used in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and immune therapy. MSCs-based therapy have been recently used for treatment of cancer regarding the migratory potential of these cells towards tumor cells which makes them considerable candidates, also for cell therapy in both allogeneic and autologous settings. So, this review attempts to focus on the factors secreted by MSCs such as cytokines, their functional role in mounting and controlling immune responses mediated by different immune cell subpopulations and their significance in regenerative medicine in clinical trials. Although, further studies remain to be done to increase our knowledge of regulating development mechanisms, homeostasis and tissue repair in order to provide new tools to implement the efficacy of cell therapy trials. Although MSCs have been proved safe and effective for cell therapy, there are still challenges to overcome before widely applying MSCs in clinic.

Effects of dietary fatty acids on health status depend on types and amounts of consumed fatty acids. Trans fatty acid intake is directly associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. This study was aimed to determine the amount of fatty acids in some consumed snacks and dairy products in Kermanshah, I. R. Iran. 19 different types of foods including cakes, sweets, and dairy products were randomly purchased from all five regions of Kermanshah city. The fatty acids were extracted using the Folch method and then were analyzed using gas chromatography. The results showed that snacks, coffee mate, biscuits and cakes contained the highest levels of trans fatty acids, ranging from 6.95 % to 13.94 %. Among dairy products, trans fatty acid content of ice cream samples was remarkable. The highest levels of saturated fatty acids were observed in coffee mate, chocolate, and subsidized milk. The lowest short-chain fatty acid contents were found in ice cream and yogurt respectively. In conclusion, the results of the present study revealed that dietary trans fatty acid levels are relatively high in foods, which could be due to the hydrogenated oils used in food preparation.

Use of innovative teaching methods may be effective in controlling the disease and reducing its complications. In this study¡ we aimed to examine the effect of nutrition education using electronic methods on blood lipid and glucose levels in type II diabetic patients in Kermanshah in 2012. The study population comprised type II diabetic patients visiting the Kermanshah diabetic center. Sixty patients¡ selected by convenience sampling method¡ were divided into three groups of twenty patients each. Data were collected before¡ after¡ and 3 months after intervention by filling in a questionnaire and from blood tests (FBS¡ HbA1c¡ T-c¡ TG¡ LDL-C¡ and HDL-C). Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Friedman ANOVA using SPSS version 16. FBS¡ T-C¡ TG; LDL-C were significantly different in the blog group (P= 0.004¡ P =0.010¡ P=0.017¡ and P =0.001¡ respectively). LDL-C decreased in group-collaborative blogs (P =0.010)¡ and there was a significant difference in FBS¡ TG¡ and LDL-C in the SMS Group (P=0.004¡ P=0.047¡ and P=0.005¡ respectively). The study results showed that using electronic methods can be effective in controlling blood lipid and glucose levels in diabetic patients and may reduce diabetic complications. Thus¡ provision of increased nutrition knowledge and information via new training techniques by diabetes centers in the country is recommended for diabetic patients.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the success rate of gastric bypass surgery-assisted weight loss in Iranian patients with morbid obesity. This interventional study was conducted from the year 2008 to 2011 in Ghaem Hospital of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Convenience sampling was conducted and the significance level was set as P 40 kg/m2. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured using standard methods and BMI was calculated. Body compositions were measured using a body composition analyzer. Other inclusion criteria were subjected to gastric bypass (GBP) surgery. All patients underwent pre-operative psychological, nutritional, and comprehensive medical evaluations. The mean body weight declined from 114.88 ± 13.64 kg before the surgery to 100.1 ± 14.5 kg, 89.65 ± 16.09 kg, 87.38 ± 14.1 kg, and 85.73 ± 12.31 kg, respectively at the first, second, third, and fourth post-operative follow-up visits. These changes were significant (P

Consumption of foods containing Trans Fatty Acids (TFAs) may have effects on the plasma lipoprotein profile to increase LDL and decrease HDL level which may lead to coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes, fetal growth disorder, and increase the probability of cancer. Because of insufficient documents related to the TFA content of Iranian foods, this study aimed to examine TFA content of cakes, confectionaries, and snacks in markets. A cross-sectional study was designed and food samples were collected from all different zones of Kermanshah city in Western Iran. Fatty acids were extracted using the Folch method and methylated by the AOCS method. Fatty acids separated using gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector and a 100 m × 0.25-mm inside diameter silica column. The highest amount of TFAs was found in coffee mate, biscuits, and cakes that contained 6.95%–13.94% of total fatty acids. Confectionaries showed 1.24%–3.38% TFAs. Palmitic and stearic acid were the most abundant saturated fatty acids found in analyzed foods. Coffee mate and chocolates presented the greatest amount of saturated fatty acids among foods. This study confirmed that Iranian snack foods contain high TFA levels due to use of hydrogenated fat by food processing companies. According to the adverse health effect of TFAs they need to be minimized or eliminated from foods, we strongly recommend that hydrogenated fat should replace with other safe, edible oils, with minimal content of TFAs.