problem solving strategies

The aim of this study is to identify individuals' experiences in solving multistage problems and to examine their cognitive, emotional, and strategic interactions in this process.

This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews to collect data. The study sample consisted of 19 participants from Tehran, selected through purposive sampling. Data analysis was conducted using Nvivo software with open coding, and theoretical saturation was used as the criterion for determining the sample size.

The findings showed that participants primarily used cognitive processes such as information analysis, recalling past experiences, and logical reasoning to solve complex problems. Additionally, feelings of anxiety and stress when facing complex problems, combined with motivation and a positive attitude, had a significant impact on their performance. In terms of problem-solving strategies, the use of structured and flexible methods was emphasized.

The results of this study indicate that solving complex problems requires an effective combination of cognitive, emotional, and strategic skills. Additionally, the use of structured strategies, emotion management, and maintaining motivation can help improve performance when facing multistage problems.

The objective of this study is to identify the cognitive neuroscience components related to problem-solving in individuals with different cultural backgrounds.

 This study followed a qualitative approach, utilizing semi-structured interviews. The sample consisted of 22 participants from Tehran, with diverse cultural backgrounds. Data were collected through individual interviews and analyzed using Nvivo software. The data analysis followed a thematic analysis approach and continued until theoretical saturation was achieved.

The results revealed that cognitive components such as problem-solving strategies, creative thinking, problem analysis, and learning from past experiences directly impacted the quality of problem-solving. Additionally, information processing and decision-making were identified as key cognitive neuroscience components. Cultural differences also played a significant role in the selection of strategies and information processing. Participants from collectivist cultural backgrounds tended to prefer group-based methods, while individuals from individualist backgrounds favored independent strategies.

This study demonstrates that both cognitive neuroscience components and cultural differences simultaneously influence the problem-solving process. Understanding these components can enhance problem-solving methods at both individual and group levels and can be valuable in the design of educational and multicultural counseling programs.

The present study was designed and implemented to determine the effectiveness of problem-solving strategies for controlling anger and facing stress in women prisoners in Ardabil City. The present study is included in the semi-experimental research of pre-test-post-test-follow-up with experimental and control groups. From the statistical population of female prisoners in Ardabil city, 30 people were randomly selected by purposeful sampling, and 15 were replaced randomly in two experimental and control groups. Participants completed the Lipp Stress Symptom Inventory for Adults (ISSL) questionnaires and the Coccaro, Berman, and McCloskey (2017) Anger Questionnaire at pre-test-post-test-follow-up stages. The experimental group was exposed to the problem-solving protocol (Drozilla, 2001). The results were analyzed through variance analysis with repeated measurements and SPSS22 statistical software. The results showed that the effect of problem-solving strategies in reducing the anger and stress of female prisoners is significant, and the experimental group showed fewer signs of anger and stress than the control group after applying the independent variable (problem-solving strategies). It was also found that there is a significant difference between the variables of anger and stress in the two experimental and control groups in the pre-test/post-test and follow-up, and this effect remained in the follow-up period. The obtained results highlighted the importance of problem-solving strategies in reducing the symptoms of stress and anger in female prisoners.

Today, in the current era, which is called the era of technology, the cyberspace, the main of which is the Internet, has found a special place in every home and family, so that the use of this technology has become inevitable. The Internet and, as a result, the tendency towards the Internet and virtual space is one of the most common variables that can have many consequences for young people. And the parenting of the students of the second secondary level has been done. The research design is of the descriptive category of the correlation type and the statistical population of this research is all students of the second secondary level of Shiraz city who studied in the schools of this city in 1402. In order to carry out the research, a sample of 380 secondary school students of this city were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling from among the secondary schools of this city. This number was determined based on Morgan's table.. The research measurement tools include Yang et al.'s (1996) cyberspace and internet orientation questionnaire, Parker et al.'s family bond (PBI), Hepner's PSI problem solving questionnaire, and the family emotional atmosphere scale (AFC) would be The resulting data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient tests and simultaneous multiple regression method. The results of the research showed that the dimensions of the emotional atmosphere of the family explain nearly 36% of the variance of Internet addiction scores. Also, the dimensions of affection, caressing, encouragement and trust are able to predict participants' Internet addiction in a negative and meaningful way. Problem solving strategies explain nearly 19% of the variance of Internet addiction scores. Also, the confidence style to solve problems in a negative and meaningful way is able to predict participants' Internet addiction. However, the style of avoidance tendency is able to positively and significantly predict the participants' Internet addiction, and parental bonding explains nearly 16% of the variance of Internet addiction scores. Also, the dimension of care is able to predict participants' Internet addiction in a negative and significant way. But extreme support can positively and meaningfully predict participants' Internet addiction. The emotional atmosphere of the family, problem-solving strategies and students' parental bond play an important role in reducing students' Internet addiction. Therefore, addressing family factors such as the emotional atmosphere of the family and the parental bond is of particular importance in reducing socio-psychological disorders.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of problem-solving strategies in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and cognitive emotion regulation strategies with resilience in the Covid-19 era. The present study is basic research in terms of purpose and a correlational study in terms of method. The study population consisted of all male and female undergraduate and graduate students of Allameh Tabataba’i and Kharazmi universities in 2021-2022, from which 220 people were selected as a sample online and available. Research questionnaires included: The resilience Questionnaire (CD-RISC, Connor and Davidson, 2003), the Problem Solving Strategies Questionnaire (PSSQ, Cassidy & Long, 1996), the Metacognitive Beliefs Questionnaire (MCQ, Wells & Cartwright-Hatton, 2004) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire (CERQ, Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006). Path analysis was used to analyze the data. The results of the path analysis indicated that the model fit in well. Findings showed that metacognitive beliefs could indirectly predict resilience through constructive problem-solving strategies (p<0.001). Also, the adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategy was able to predict resilience both directly and indirectly through the constructive problem-solving strategy (p<0.001). It can be concluded that the constructive problem-solving strategy has a key role in students' resilience and it is necessary to pay attention to these factors in interacting with each other in resilience promotion programs.

The study aimed to investigate the role of anger rumination in the relationship between anxious attachment style and conflict resolution strategies in women on the verge of divorce.

This was a descriptive-correlational study and the sample included 165 women seeking divorce from the Yazd Judiciary who were selected by convenience sampling method. The instruments included Strauss et al.'s Conflict Resolution Strategies Questionnaire, Collins and Read Attachment Styles, and anger Ruminant scale of Sukhodolsky et al. Structural equation model and Amos software were used to evaluate the data.

showed that the fit indices of the conceptual model after minor corrections were at an acceptable level and the evaluated model had a good fit with the data. The direct effect of anxious attachment on anger rumination (0.55) and the indirect effect of anger rumination on negotiation (-0.18) and psychological aggression (0.29) was significant but the direct effect of anxiety attachment was not significant on any of conflict resolution strategies.

Based on the obtained results, it can be argued that the style of anxious attachment in individuals can affect negotiation conflict resolution strategies and psychological violence through the rumination of angry thoughts.

The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare sensory processing, academic help seeking and problem-solving strategies in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, (ADHD) children with special learning disabilities, and normal students.

In the present comparative scientific type study, among all 10-12 years old students of Shiraz, 150 people (50 people with (ADHD), 50 people with special learning disabilites and 50 normal people) were selected by purposive sampling and considering the entry and exit criteria. SNAP (Parent Form) Sensory Processing Scale, Academic Help Seeking Scale, and Problem-Solving Strategies were used to assess the participants. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

The results showed that all three groups of students had significant differences in the components of sensory processing, academic help seeking and problem-solving strategies.

The findings of this study provide evidence of sensory processing problems, academic help seeking, and problem-solving strategies in students with ADHD and, special learning disabilities. Therefore, it is necessary to consider psychological interventions and training in order to improve and correct the problems of these students.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of emotional self-control training on managing interpersonal conflicts and problem-solving strategies among women with marital problems.

The research was a semi-experimental with pretest-post-test design with control group and follow-up study. The statistical population of the study was 300 women with marital problems, that 34 people according to their high grades in marital conflict questionnaire (MCQ)and low grades in emotional self-control index were selected as samples and  Based on demographic variables (age, education, economic status, duration of marriage, number of children), they became homogeneous, and randomly placed in two groups as experiment (n=17) and control groups(n=17).The experiment group was trained in eight 75-minute sessions base on the Gross emotional regulation protocol, and the control group did not receive any training. Data collected with interpersonal conflict management styles (ROCI-II) and problem solving questionnaires (PSS) and analyzed with Multi-covariance analysis (MANCOVA).

The results indicated that by controlling the pre-test grades, the difference between grades of experiment and control groups was meaningful among integrated conflict styles, avoiding, dominant and compromising except required conflict solution styles. The difference between experiment and control groups in problem solving styles (constructive and non-constructive) was meaningful, too. Results related to the effect of emotional self-control on conflict resolution styles and problem-solving methods persisted in follow-up studies.

Based on the findings of this research, emotional self-control education has an impact on managing interpersonal conflicts and problem-solving strategies, accordingly.

The aim of the present study was to compare the Sleep Quality, Problem-Solving Strategies and Psychological Hardiness in smokers and nonsmokers students. The study was a causal comparative research. Statistical population included all university of Mohaghagh Ardabili mail students in 2017 (1395s.c.). 30people were selected through cluster sampling and 30 no smokers participants were matched with them. Data were collected with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire, Problem-Solving Strategies Cassidy & Long and Psychological Hardiness kiamarsi & et al. Data were analyzed through multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Analysis of data showed sleep quality variables in smokers than non-smokers was significantly higher (01/0 p). Variable elements of style in general and problem solving, creativity, confidence, style trends in problem solving and non-smokers was significantly higher in smokers. Also in the components of helplessness in solving the problem, control of problem solving and avoiding light smokers was significantly higher than non-smokers (01/0 p). In addition tenacity variables in smokers than non-smokers was significantly lower (01/0> p). So you can understand the importance of respect in this sphere and help to improve the quality of life of the community.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chess training on 5thgrade students’ problem solving abilities. The review of literature started with the research on novice and expert problem solvers. We then found a number of studies regarding the mathematics’ problem solving and chess training. The findings paved the way to conduct the present study. The study was experimental and we used one-group pretest-posttest design. A cluster random sampling method was used to choose 25 fifth graders from the population of all 5th grade students in the center of one of the south-eastern provinces of Iran. Cronbach Alpha coefficient was used to insure the reliability of the tests. In addition، 52 sessions of chess training was offered by one of the authors as “treatment”. The research showed that chess training had a positive and meaningful effect on the 5th grade students’ mathematical problem solving abilities. This finding could help the mathematics curriculum developers and textbook writers to use chess as an effective tool to promote students’ problem solving abilities either as extra-curricular activity or integrated with the formal school mathematics curriculum.