جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « criticism » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

The Qajar era was the beginning of Iran's extensive interactions with the Western world and the gradual penetration of Western culture into this land. During the peak period of the affectability of Iranians from Western culture in the Qajar era, some Westerners present in Iran, contrary to expectations, were influenced by the culture and personality of Iranians. These people often encountered ambiguities in interacting with Iranians and showed a curious effort to understand the character of Iranians. By analyzing why Iranians' character attracted the attention of Western travel writers while criticizing their opinions about the psychological characteristics of Iranians, this research tries to answer the question of what was the reason for the deepening of Iranians' character for these orientalists. The most important factor in the complexity of the character of the Iranians for the westerners was the innate spirit of the Iranians. The present research has examined this issue using library data and descriptive-analytical method.

“Oyunum-oyunum” is the fourth novel published by the Azerbaijani researcher, linguist, author and novelist, Nasir Manzuri in Tehran in March 2023. He is mainly famus for his original studies on language, especially “sound-signify”. His latest novel has been written based on memories which he had taken their notes while talking to M. Farzana about late Azerbaijani actor who studied acting and directing in Tiblisi in Georgia. Mirza Baghir Hajizada was the son of one of the richest merchants in Tabriz. His father had forced him to becom a physician, but he followed his dreams to the picks of success in his career in Tiblisi. The news of his father’s serius illness forced him to leave his beloved wife, Maria there, in spite of banning him to return to the USSR then. He came back to his hometown and tried to pursue his acting career in Tabriz. However, acting in Turki (Azerbaijani Turkic) was completely forbidden then. So he had to move to Tehran to follow his dreams. But he spent lots of his life in prisons. N. Manzuri has tried to avoid a biographical-historical fiction. Instead, he has tried to immortalize one of his nation’s most favorite and popular actors through a mainly psychoanalytical and mythological fiction. His literary style is not only unique and original, but also the incomparable sublime of Turkic literature. The writer of this paper tried to write the first critical paper on this worthy novel.

Criticism and refinement of the Hadith of Sir Nasara can be considered as one of the most important hadith research efforts of foreign scholars throughout the history of the Islamic tradition. And since he is the narrator of a large part of the hadith books of Sunnis, Abu Hurairah, who, according to the scholars of the science of men and hadith, narrated more than all the companions of the Prophet , To prove with historical evidence Abu Hurairah was not like other Companions, both in terms of being ahead in Islam and his motivation for believing in the Prophet and following the goals of the Prophet after his death, in order to acknowledge the conclusion he has reached that the role Abu Hurairah is falsifying the hadith.Mahmoud Aburiah is one of the contemporary Egyptian hadith scholars who authored the book "Muhammadi tradition in the passage of history" and "Abu Huraira Sheikh Al-Madirah" while examining the cognitive history of Islamic hadith of a number of its narrators, he did a documentary and textual criticism of Abu Huraira's traditions and using the criteria such as matching the hadiths with the Qur'an and the Sunnah, the non-contradiction of the hadiths with reason, and what has been proven by science has emphasized the fakeness of some of his hadiths. Based on this, this article tries to describe and analyze the data Hadith scholar to analyze and scientifically evaluate the position of Abu Hurairah and his narrations in the scale of criticism of Mahmoud Aburiah.

In Imamiyyah tradition gatherings, there are traditions that prohibit any uprising and movement before the uprising and appearance of Hazrat Mahdi (peace be upon him) and consider the raised flag as a manifestation of tyranny and the government arising from it as illegitimate. The existence of such narrations has caused some people, by adhering to these narrations, to consider any uprising and movement as forbidden and prohibited before the appearance and condemn them. While these kinds of narrations conflict with the general instructions of Islam in encouraging the fight against oppression, enjoining good and forbidding evil, etc.; For this reason, it is necessary to review and analyze this series of traditions. Based on this, in this article, first of all, the traditions that forbade any uprising and revolution in the era of occultism were collected and categorized into three general groups, and finally, they were analyzed with a descriptive and analytical method and with an emphasis on the teachings of Islamic science. have taken; And it has come to the conclusion that on the one hand, most of these hadiths have problems in terms of the chain of transmission and have a so-called weak chain of transmission; And on the other hand, in terms of implication, they either refer to a specific period and refer to special historical conditions, or they refer to the personality of the rebel who raised the flag of struggle with personal motives to achieve his own goals. For this reason, it is never possible to conclude from this group of narrations the prohibition of uprising in general and in an absolute way, and condemn and prohibit any uprising and movement in the age of occultation.

The texts, in addition to being historical sources, deserve attention as texts that show the types of historians' approaches to society and governance and it is based on this kind of look at historical texts that the historian can provide platforms for understanding the impact these texts create on our understanding of history. By referencing the concept of intertextuality in the theory of Julia Kristeva and Sigmon Freud, this article aims to put the historical-Shia text of Gilan and Dilmestan Marashi's book in contact with the text of governance and society of the time, to turn the interaction between these texts as an intertextual matter into a basis for extracting the types of these relationships in the Safavid era. The main research question is what are the signs of intertextual relations between local history and governance? And how can these relations open an approach to understanding social history? The main hypothesis of the research is the existence of multiple relationships between the aforementioned historical text and the text of Al-e-Kia government and the society of the time, which was done at the level of data collection with the documentary method and at the analytical level with the theoretical reference method. The findings of the research by considering the three relationships of reproduction, sublimation and critical relationship between the historical text of Gilan and Dilmistan and the text of the government and society, show that local chronicles have also determined the type of relationship with the social text in terms of the type of relationship between their text and the governance text; Because when the type of this relationship with the governance text was sublimation and reproduction, the relationship with the social text was obstructed or biased in favor of governance and only when the type of this relationship has been critical, the relationship with the social context has been established and social rights and considerations have been highlighted in front of the official institution of power.

Iranian thinkers and elites became aware of the backwardness and weakness of Iran in various fields, including the country's political, traditional and inefficient structure after getting to know the western society during the Qajar period. For this purpose, they started working to reform and modernize Iran with various methods, including writing treatises, etc. Majdal Malik Sinki (1188-1260) was one of the thinkers of the Nasrid era, who is known as one of the pioneers of this field by writing the treatise Kashf al-Gharaib. Therefore, the present article by using the analytical-descriptive method tries to answer the question, what was the approach of the critical discourse of Majdal Malik in the treatise Kashf al-Gharaib to the political structure of Nasrid era Iran. The findings of this study show that Majdal Malik, with a rough knowledge of the political systems in Europe, criticized the political structure of Iran for reasons such as the incompetence of government officials, the weakness of the king, the inefficiency of intellectuals, and the lack of law in various parts of the country and demanded reforms and changes in Iran's political structure.

History and hadith are two basic sciences, intertwined and influential in understanding religious teachings. The Qur'an and hadiths, as the two main sources of understanding religion, contain many historical reports, so that, it is not possible to understand many correct historical narrations (Revayat) without referring to them. The stories of the prophets, the past tribes and many events have reached us in the light of the revelation (Vahy) and the words of the infallibles. Historical books developed as independent knowledge gradually and went beyond the realm of the Qur'an and Hadith. This valuable knowledge came to the aid of understanding the hadith and distinguishing the true narrations from the false ones and became a source for the critique of hadiths. The year of the narrators' death and birth, the time of natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods, events such as war and peace, and other historical reports became the basis for identifying authentic narrations and removing invalid narrations and resolving contradictions between hadiths. Comparing hadiths with history along with key criteria such as presentation on the Qur'an and Sunnah, consensus (Ejma), reason (Aql), definite scientific findings, etc. is considered as an independent criterion alone which should be examined by observing the rules and preserving the maximum protection of the hadith.

Ibn Abi Al-Hadid Al- Mu‘tazili is considered as the most famous commentator of Nahjol Balaghāh and his book as one of the most outstanding commentaries. The important feature of his book is his proper understanding of Imam Ali's sayings. Proper understanding is also contingent upon the historicism of every component to which paid special attention to explain and interpret Imam Ali's sayings correctly. Among the best means which Ibn Abi-Al-Hadid used in order to interpret Imam Ali's sayings properly are: considering the geographical context of the sayings, stating the reason behind the sayings, and attempting to find the date the sayings. Furthermore, he was able to use context-based criticism (textual criticism), individual's genealogy, other's citations, famous narrations and historical traditions in historicism of the different narrations. No doubt, the most important criticism about his commentary is the influence of theology and his sectarian attitude resulting from his religious fanaticism and enmity towards Shiism, and so, due to his Mu‘tazilite bias he has sometimes neglects historicism and his sectarian understanding takes priority over proper understanding.