نشریه سخن تاریخ
پیاپی 41 (بهار 1402)

According to Farid Alatas, the theory of state formation of Ibn Khaldun has provided the means to understand the rise and fall of many pre-modern states; in such a way that his approach can be applied to special historical cases. Ibn Khaldun has explained the formation and decline of states based on the cycle struggle between two types of pastoral nomadic and sedentary societies. Theory of Ibn Khaldun lacks an economic system. For this reason, Farid Alatas has tried to take the methods of production from Karl Marx and integrate them into Ibn Khaldun's theory. The purpose of this study is to explain the rise of the Ottoman Empire in Khaldunin Farid Alatas's reading. The method of this study is documentary _ library. According to the stady’s results obtained in a descriptive _ analytical manner, In view of Farid Alatas The Ottoman Empire has been established in terms of interaction between pastoral nomadic and sedentary societies interactions, and in this area of the Ottoman Empire is related to the Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun. Therefore, Farid Alatas by adopting the theoretical framework of Ibn Khaldun has argued the relationship between the pastoral nomadic mode of production on the one hand and the Asiatic mode of production and The prebendal feudal mode of production on the other hand.

Iranian thinkers and elites became aware of the backwardness and weakness of Iran in various fields, including the country's political, traditional and inefficient structure after getting to know the western society during the Qajar period. For this purpose, they started working to reform and modernize Iran with various methods, including writing treatises, etc. Majdal Malik Sinki (1188-1260) was one of the thinkers of the Nasrid era, who is known as one of the pioneers of this field by writing the treatise Kashf al-Gharaib. Therefore, the present article by using the analytical-descriptive method tries to answer the question, what was the approach of the critical discourse of Majdal Malik in the treatise Kashf al-Gharaib to the political structure of Nasrid era Iran. The findings of this study show that Majdal Malik, with a rough knowledge of the political systems in Europe, criticized the political structure of Iran for reasons such as the incompetence of government officials, the weakness of the king, the inefficiency of intellectuals, and the lack of law in various parts of the country and demanded reforms and changes in Iran's political structure.

One of the examples of religious painting in the Qajar period is the Ghadirakhm painting in the Astan Museum of Hazrat Masoumeh, which is a lasting painting in the field of religious iconography and transmission of religious traditions in the Qajar period. In this painting, the emphasis on the realistic representation of the Ghadir Kham event has been one of the important roles in the magnificent display of this religious event. In this little-known painting by Haji Farsi, in the Gham Museum, numbered 900, it reveals to us the pictorial tradition of the Ghadir event along with the art of Fajjar's court iconography. The study of this work shows that the artist has tried to show the characteristics of court portraits of kings and their devotion to the Shia religion and the important event of Ghadir by realistically depicting the incident of Ghadir and linking it with Qajar court portrait painting. The main focus of the painting is on the incident of Ghadir, which is seen more than the pictures of the kings. The depiction of the incident of Ghadir has a pictorial concordance with the characteristic of court portrait painting. The purpose of this research is to study the painting of the Ghadir event, which has not been introduced and researched so far, and it deals with the characteristics of court portrait painting in the margin of the work and focusing on the Ghadir event. The main questions of the research are as follows: What are the characteristics of showing the Ghadir event in the center of the image? What was the decorative function of depicting the Qajar kings in the way of iconography on the sidelines of the Ghadir incident? The research method in this scientific research is descriptive-analytical, using library resources and a field study of a museum example of the work in Qom Museum, and the method of analysis is based on the principles and rules of visual art used in painting. The present research is one It analyzes the Ghadir event and its relationship with Qajar painting from religious and meaningful aspects. The results of the present research show that in this painting, in addition to the representation of the important event of Ghadir, in addition to the display of court iconography, the visual characteristics of the work correspond to the characteristics of Qajar court iconography painting and the devotion of the important kings of Iran from the past to the Qajar period to Shiism and Ali. It displays A.

Investigating the possibility of women assuming governmental and managerial positions and the possibility of this responsibility conflicting with their Shariah duties and tasks is one of the issues of interest in women's research fields. In this historical-jurisprudential research, we try to examine the evidence of the legitimacy of women's political positions in the history of Islam and "contemporary Imamiya jurisprudence". With this aim, the historical examples of women's right to political participation have been extracted from the Qur'an and the Sunnah of the Innocents, and then the jurisprudence of Shia Imamia has been used to explain the possibility of women's right to political participation in important political jobs. The data of this research was obtained from historical documents and verses and traditions. The findings of the research show that it is possible for women to attain high political positions in the society, such as the ministry or the presidency, and the only obstacle to achieving this so far is its "unacceptability" and not its "illegitimacy".

Qom Jame' Mosque is one of the most important Islamic buildings. Its decorations, epigraphs, theme and content are of great importance. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the themes, content and system of Quranic studies in these epigraphs. The research questions are: 1) what are the contents and themes of Qom Jame' Mosque's epigraphs? 2) What kind of Quranic studies system are contained in Qom Jame' Mosque's epigraphs? This study was carried out by descriptive-analytic method and data were collected through library and field resources. Also, by referring to "thematic epigraphs and methods of dividing the Qur'anic studies system", analyze and categorize the content of 14 epigraphs as a statistical society. Also, by referring to "thematic epigraphs and methods of dividing Qur'anic studies system", the content function of 14 epigraphs as a statistical population have been analyzed and categorized. The results of the research show that the contents of the epigraphs include the verses of the Congregation Day (Al-Jumua Surah ) , The Kingdom (Al-Mulk Surah ), The Hypocrites ( Al-Munafiqun Surah), The Scatterers (Adh-Dhariyat Suarh), Repentance (At-Tawba Surah), The Rangers (As-Saaffat Surah), Joseph (Yusuf Surah) and The Heifer 255 verse (Al-Baqara - Āyat al-Kursī).

Agricultural land has been one of the most basic sources of income for governments, and the rulers, realizing its importance, invested in agricultural land. Considering the important share of agricultural land income in the economy of governments, the present research answers the question of what were the economic challenging factors in agriculture in the third and fourth lunar centuries in the lands of the Islamic Eastern Caliphate. This research answers the question by using descriptive-analytical approach and referring to library sources. The hypothesis of the research is based on the fact that the lack of proper management of the rulers along with some environmental factors has created challenges for agriculture in these centuries. The findings of the research show that factors such as insecurity, multiple changes of land ownership, the expansion of feudal lands and the reduction of peasants' power, the absence of an efficient tax system and collection of tribute, the influence of rulers' policies and some environmental factors, such as earthquakes, are among the important challenging factors for agriculture in the lands of the Eastern Islamic Caliphate in the third and fourth lunar centuries.

The tombs of Imamzadegan buried in Afghanistan play a significant role in bringing together among the Muslims of this country. This research aims to explain and analyze the position and role of the graves of the mentioned Imamzadegan in creating convergence and peaceful coexistence among the Muslim people of Afghanistan. This research has been done with the method of collecting library data and in a descriptive and analytical way. The achievement of this research is that the graves of the Imams in Afghanistan, because of the sanctity they have in the eyes of all people; It has had a good influence on the convergence of the society, and it has connected the followers of Islamic religions together like a unifying thread, and has prevented religious divisions and dispersion. This convergence crystallized in the form of cultural programs that are carried out in these holy places such as; Imamzadegan pilgrimage, appeal, teaching and learning, prayer and social programs such as; The cultural-religious gatherings of Nowruz Eid have in these blessed shrines and holy places.