processing

Todays One of the important environmental challenges is excessive production of municipal waste and its management. In a world that is moving towards a future with an urbanization approach , the growth rate of urban waste production as an important by - product in urbanization is increasing more than the growth rate of urbanization . The negative effects caused by the lack of sanitary management of wastes put the health of humans and other living beings at risk. Action must be taken to solve this problem , otherwise we will face environmental problems in the not too distant future. Due to the fact that the cost of burying solid waste materials is increasing and the suitable land for burial is limited, recycling is an effective option instead of burying. Recycling and processing is the second priority in the hierarchy of urban waste management. In MRFs , by separating waste and compressing waste , leachate collection and purification is done , as a result , it will play an important role in reducing production leachate. The purpose of this research is to investigate the feasibility of building processing and recycling facilities in the proposed location , which is south of the ring road from Sarpol Zahab to Qasr Shirin in Kermanshah province.

The research method is descriptive - analytical and it was carried out using Iranian matrix or modified Leopold based on library studies , field visits and interviews with experts . The advantage of using Iranian or modified Leopold matrix compared to other methods is that it is a quantitative method and even if the evaluator is inexperienced and incorrectly values a parameter , due to the averaging of all parameters , that error can be adjusted to a large extent. and it does not create a problem in the whole conclusion. Based on the studies carried out in the project's knowledge sections and the environmental characteristics of the studied area, the potential of various types of environmental effects resulting from the implementation of the construction project of urban waste processing and recycling facilities , separated by the construction phase and operation on the physical and chemical , biological and socio-economic environments , were scored and predicted using the modified Leopold matrix . The Iranian Leopold matrix , considering the effects of project implementation in both the construction and operation phases on the environmental components , are applied methods for environmental impact assessment which is the average initial score in the Iranian Leopold matrix . Then the average of four environmental components was calculated. Finally , the final score is calculated with the sum of the scores in the construction and operational phases.

The findings from the Iranian Leopold matrix show that in the construction phase , the most negative effects are related to the creation of the access road , to access the site, an access road of about 1. 5 km from Sarpol Zahab road to Qasr Shirin should be created , this operation causes changes in the natural shape of the land , these changes are associated with negative effects. After the construction of the access road , earthmoving operations have more negative effects. As a result of this operation , a volume of soil is moved . With the operation of machines , amounts of polluting gases are discharged into the environment and cause the degradation of air quality. The largest amount of positive effects is also related to the installation of project facilities and equipment , which causes an increase in the demand for materials , machinery , equipment and facilities.In the construction phase , the most positive result is related to the creation of employment. All operations in this phase will create employment and eliminate unemployment. After that , industries and mines and investment have the most positive consequences. Considering the extent of the project, which includes Ezgole , Rijab and Sarpol Zahab , it can be considered a big project, which attracts investment. The most negative consequences in this phase are related to the effect on health and hygiene, traffic and lack of safety , pasture and animal husbandry. In the operation phase , the most negative effects are related to the fermentation and processing and transportation of waste , and the most positive effects are related to the production and sale of the product . In the operation phase, the most negative consequences are related to health and hygiene, air and sound quality, and the most positive consequences are related to creating employment and investment , respectively. In the construction phase , the most negative consequences are related to the biological, physical - chemical and socio - economic environment, respectively. But in the operation phase, the most negative consequences are related to the physical - chemical environment , but the socio - economic environment has the most positive consequences in both phases. Based on the results of the Iranian Leopold matrix, the most negative effects on the environment were observed in the construction phase , while there are more positive effects in the operation phase than the construction phase.

In general , a total of 204 effects - consequences have been identified in the evaluation of the plan , of which 141 effects - consequences are related to the construction phase and 63 effects-consequences are related to the operation phase. To investigate the feasibility of establishing urban waste processing and recycling facilities in the proposed area , which is south of the Sarpol Zahab road to Qasr Shirin in Kermanshah province , according to the analyzes performed and also according to the principles of Iranian matrix analysis , considering that the average number of classifications in Columns and rows of matrix tables, the number of ranking averages is less than -1/ 3 less than 50 Percent . Therefore , the project is approved subject to corrective and prevention measures and reduction and control of negative effects and consequences and continuous environmental and health monitoring.

Apple is one of the most important trees in temperate and cold regions, which has attracted many consumers due to its pleasant flavor and high economic value. Traditional apple micropropagation by methods such as cuttings and seed cultivation have disadvantages such as dispersal of traits, hard rooting, spending more time growing, over-consumption of chemical fertilizers, and contamination with a variety of pests and diseases. Glass has partially solved these problems and has created breeding plants, free from diseases and pests and high and strong growth rate. The apple tree (Malus x domestica L.) is one of the most important seed plants of the Rosaceae family in cold and temperate regions of the world. A number of apple varieties are used as a base, one of the most common of which is the MM106 rootstock due to its good compatibility with different apple cultivars. The study of apple characteristics in in vitro conditions has been considered by many researchers due to the precise control of environmental conditions. The use of cytokinins is generally accepted as one of the essential strategies for branch proliferation in plant tissue culture.

The plant materials used in this study were prepared from the young and growing branches of three-year-old apple trees MM106 in Tabriz, Khalatpooshan Research Center of Tabriz University. The prepared branches were transferred to the laboratory with a length of 15 to 20 cm and were divided into small pieces of 1 to 1.5 cm, in which there was at least one bud in each cut piece. After disinfection, the specimens were branched under the hood with a binocular loop. Murashig Skog (MS) basal culture medium was used in this study. Explants are the most important source of infection in plant tissue culture. The disinfection step is performed to remove most bacterial and fungal infections. After splitting into smaller pieces, the young shoots were washed with running water for 5 minutes and then disinfected with 2% sodium hypochlorite for 20 minutes and 70% ethanol for 5 minutes and then sterilized 3 times with distilled water. Laminar hoods were washed. After disinfection under the hood and using binocular loops, the explants were cultured at the tip of the branch and the buds were transferred to the culture medium containing MS and growth regulators after scaling. The number of shoots per experimental unit indicating fertility was obtained by counting emerging lateral shoots.Bradfor method was used to determine the concentration of total soluble proteins. In this method, first 0.5 g of each leaf sample was crushed and crushed by liquid nitrogen in a Chinese mortar and then 50 mg of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) was added to each sample. Then 1.5 ml of potassium phosphate buffer (pH = 7) containing sodium metabisulfide (0.019 g per 100 ml of buffer) was added and the contents of the mortar were transferred to 2 ml microtubes and placed in a refrigerated centrifuge at 15000 rpm. Minutes at 4 ° C for 20 minutes. The samples were then slowly removed from the refrigerator and 500 μl of the top phase of the extract was mixed with 175 μl of 50% glycerol and the resulting solution was transferred to 2000 μl microtubes and stored in a freezer at -80 ° C. To read the protein adsorption reading, 20 μl of the extract was mixed with 500 μl of Bradford solution and 2 minutes after adding the extract to the Bradford solution were read using a spectrophotometer based on spectroscopy at 595 nm. Factorial experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design. The number of roots per experimental unit, which indicates the percentage of rooting, was obtained by counting emerging roots. The diameter of the branches was measured using a digital caliper and the measurements were expressed in millimeters. The length of the branches was measured using a ruler and the sizes were expressed in centimeters and then recorded using data analysis software. The fresh weight of the samples was measured on a scale of three zeros after being taken out of the culture medium, then to determine the dry weight, it was transferred to a dryer containing infrared light (to preserve the material and color of the sample) and measured using a scale. Calculations were performed by SPSS statistical software at a probability level of 5% and graphs were drawn by Excel software.

This study studied the effect of BAP and TDZ cytokines on proliferation and creating a suitable environment for MM106 apple tissue culture in a completely randomized design with three replications. Each experimental replicate consisted of five planted branch tips. After collecting the samples from the apple orchards of Khalatpooshan Research Station and disinfecting them with 70% ethanol, the microsamples were transferred to MS medium containing two concentrations of 0.5 and 0.6 mg BAP and 0.2 and 0.4 mg TDZ. The results showed that the suitable culture medium for Plastochron MM106 index was 0.4 mg TDZ and 0.6 mg BAP (number of leaves with average leaf 1.87). The effect of TDZ and BAP treatment on MM106 apples was significant at 1 and 5% probability levels, respectively. The highest fertility index was 0.4 mg / l TDZ and 0.3 mg / l BAP and the lowest fertility index belonged to the control (Figure 2). In this experiment, the leaves formed per shoot were counted in seven-day time sequences for 2 months. Plastocron index or time required for the emergence of each leaf, which indicates the degree of fertility and organ production. The results showed that the effect of TDZ and BAP treatment on MM106 apple was significant at 5% probability level. The highest amount of plastocron index was 0.4 mg / l TDZ and 0.6 mg / l BAP and the lowest selectivity index belonged to the control (Figure 3). The results of determination of soluble proteins showed that TDZ and BAP treatment on apple rootstock was significant at 5% probability level. The amount of total soluble protein in the treatment of 0.2 mg / l TDZ and 0.6 mg / l BAP on MM106 apple was significantly higher compared to other treatments. The lowest ratio of total soluble protein content was related to the 0.3 mg / L BAP treatment (Figure 4).