نشریه مطالعات علوم محیط زیست
سال هشتم شماره 3 (پاییز 1402)

Developing chemical remediation techniques has become an increasingly important research topic due to the growth in the use of organic dyes which can be harmful to nature and human health. Catalytic reduction reaction of organic pollutant dyes (OPDs) in the presence of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) such as copper, silver and palladium is an efficient and simple method to treat polluted industrial waters. However, easily agglomeration of the MNPs impacts their efficiency and re-usability. Therefore, we used chicken eggshells as a natural resource to make hydroxyapatite (HAP) as a heterogeneous bed with high contact surface by friendly hydrothermal and environmentally method. The HAP was coated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs@HAP) and was used as an efficient and recyclable catalyst for the reduction of OPDs (Methylene blue (MB), 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP) and 4-Nitroaniline (4-NA)) in the presence of sodium borohydride. The reduction reaction was performed in less than 10 minutes with excellent efficiency (approximately 100%) and the reaction kinetics were investigated by change of the absorption intensity using a two-beam UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The physical and chemical properties of AgNPs@HAP were evaluated and the prepared solid heterogeneous catalyst was characterized via FTIR, XRD, BET, TEM, FE-SEM/EDS and elemental mapping analysis. This study demonstrates the potential use of HAP derived from biowaste eggshell with high efficiency for the degradation of OPDs under mild reaction conditions at room temperature. In addition, AgNPs@HAP showed high stability and reusability for four cycles with almost constant catalytic performance.

Urmia Lake is about two decades, each year experiencing 40 cm of water level reduction. In this study, the Urmia Lake drought process is investigated by analyzing multi-temporal remote sensing images. The proposed technique is comprising the following three steps. In the first stage, Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images for 2012-2017 are investigated. In the second stage, each of the batch images is separated for each image of four areas of the blue zone, shallow water, soil and salt. In the third step, neural network trained for 2012-2016 as input and tested for 2017 as an output and a model has been developed for future changes in the next year (2018). The results showed that the trend of changes in Urmia Lake in the last 6 years from 2012 through 2014 witnessed a decrease in water and shallow water regions in July and in the last two years the amount of water and shallow regions has increased. In the following, modelling the process of changes using neural network for 2018 also indicated that in the next year we will see an increase in the water supply in the lake, which is not significant.

The sun is known as the source of energy, the beginning of life and the source of all other energies. The global radiation of the sun is considered one of the fundamental structures of every climate. Therefore, knowing the characteristics and predicting these basic structures has a great impact on energy-related planning. The use of satellite images and remote sensing models as a suitable and low-cost tool for estimating solar radiation has been in recent years. In order to carry out this research, the images of 2020 Landsat 8 satellite, OLI sensor, TIRS sensor and Sabal algorithm were used. ENVI software was used for geometric, atmospheric and radiometric corrections of satellite images, as well as the execution of calculations related to the Sabal model, and ArcGIS software was used for creating a database, spatial analysis, cartographic operations and finally implementing the model. The results show that the average maximum incoming shortwave radiation was 918 watts per square meter on 08/09/2020 and the lowest value was 370 watts per square meter on 10/28/2020. Meanwhile, the highest amount of net radiation on 09/08/2020 was calculated as 232 km and the lowest amount was calculated as 13 km on 28/10/2020. The difference in the amount of net radiation reaching the ground in the studied area, It is caused by the difference in the angle of the sun and the number of sunny hours in different months of the year. Finally, it can be concluded that the solar radiation in the region has the necessary potential for the implementation of solar photovoltaic projects in the year under review.

In world literature there have been many disparate uses of the terms sustainability and resilience, with some framing sustainability and resilience as the same concept, and others claiming them to be entirely different and unrelated. However, global and local policy processes often use vague or narrow definitions of the concepts of sustainability and resilience, leading to deep confusion, particularly in instances when the two are used interchangeably. In this regard, the extensive analysis of valid scientific documents and a lot of world-produced knowledge in this field can help most of the researchers on integrated use of sustainability and resilience and provide a framework in this field. In this regard, the data were collected and refined from the Scopus information database and was analyzed with algorithms based on social network analysis in VOSviewer software. A systematic literature review showed that sustainability and resilience are interrelated paradigms that emphasize a system’s capacity to move toward desirable development paths. The findings showed of three generalized management frameworks for organizing sustainability and resilience were found to dominate the literature: (1) Resilience as a component of sustainability, (2) sustainability as a component of resilience, and (3) resilience and sustainability as separate objectives. Applying the knowledge network analysis approach and mapping it is recommended to achieve a holistic perspective in the field of sustainability and resilience research and in the future.

Land subsidence is one of the environmental hazards that are detrimental consequences cities, facilities, communications facilities and agricultural land in the long term. This research has done through field works such as sampling plains deposits, measuring the thickness of stratifications, the type of formations, granulometry and drawing related Charts with Imaging, reviews documents, experimental and laboratory methods. The maximum thickness of alluvial deposits accumulated (Quaternary) is more than 160 meters according to geological section at the highest level subsidence in Hadishahr plain and in Harzandat plain is more than 200 meters. Quaternary alluvium huge with large stones, associated with strong floods, especially in the early Holocene and violence roughness in the past is interpreted and explained. The thickness of materials along the Pir Eshagh-Zal valley from 20 meters in the village of Pir Eshagh is variable to 110 meters in the East Village of Zal. In fact, Harzandat , Hadishahr and Gollfaraj plains with an area 165 km2, are Graben cumulative plains where are develop and evolution within Horst fault zones. The form of structural stratifications of the plain and Horst following the directions of the lateral and vertical forces along with north-west folding have found faulting and due to tectonic uplifting and sinking the level of local area, the main channels have been cased the typical fluvial terraces at the top of the alluvial fan deposits with drilling and digging

Lentils are one of the most important legumes. Many researches have been done about the aerial parts of plants. Stresses are the most important cause that cause problems in agricultural production in different ways, and drought stress is one of these stresses. The main limiting factor for plant growth is the available water, the maximum yield in terms of growth and production is achieved when the limited water in the soil is absorbed to the maximum. Considering that more than 80% of lentil cultivation in the country is in the dry season, dryness and lack of water in the soil have the greatest effect on reducing the yield of this plant in different stages of plant growth and development.However, less attention has been paid to aspects of root growth on which the whole plant structure depends. This issue is caused by the problems related to root study due to its underground condition. Efficient absorption of water by roots is an important characteristic for drought resistance. The absorption of water by the plant depends on the size of the root (length or weight), its activity and distribution in the soil. Studies have shown that root characteristics such as depth, volume, xylem diameter and dry weight have a high diversity. Water absorption by the plant depends on the morphological characteristics of the root, its activity and distribution in the plant. Therefore, it seems that to better understand the mechanisms of plant resistance to drought and to obtain the genetic resources needed in breeding programs. It is necessary to understand the morphological traits related to drought resistance, especially the traits related to plant roots. Considering that limited information is available about the diversity of lentil root traits, in the present study, the diversity of root morphological traits among a number of lentil genotypes is studied.

Considering the importance of root characteristics in lentils and their effect on plant performance and avoiding drought stress. In order to find the genetic diversity between root traits in 23 lentil genotypes, an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Ilam University. In this experiment, PVC pipes with a diameter of 10 cm and a length of 60 cm, which were filled with 75% of air sand and 25% of soil, were used for cultivation. Irrigation was done twice a week. Seedlings were thinned at the stage of 2 to 3 leaves. 30 days after the germination of the seeds, the aerial parts were separated and then the roots were separated from the airy sand bed by pressurized water. Root dry weight, root length, root volume, root freshness, root surface, root specific length, root diameter, root specific volume, root water content, root tissue density, root volume density, root length density, root density, root surface density and dry weight were measured. A ruler measured the length of the roots with high precision. After, roots were placed in the water to float them. After the aerial parts of the plant were separated, the roots were washed and transferred to the laboratory, and then a digital scale measured the wet weight of the roots with an accuracy of one thousandth. Root volume was measured using a graduated cylinder.Then the roots were placed in the oven at 70 degrees Celsius for 48 hours and after the desired time, they were weighed by a digital scale with an accuracy of one thousandth. Also, the aerial parts of the studied genotypes were placed inside an electric oven with a temperature of 70 degrees Celsius for 48 hours, and after the desired period of time, the dry weight of the aerial parts was calculated by a digital scale with an accuracy of 1,000 grams. The rest of the traits were measured by the parameters and calculated with the help of the formula.At the end, variance analysis of completely random block design and average comparison between traits by Duncan's method at a statistical level of 5% was done using SAS V.9.4 software.

According to the results of variance analysis of the data of this experiment, it was found that there is a significant difference between the genotypes in most of the root traits at the 1% level. Sepehr genotype has the highest amount of shoot dry weight (0.056) and the highest amount of root tissue density (108. 0); FILIP2012-2L genotype had the highest root density (0.21 cm3). ILL8006 genotype also had the highest root surface density (4.63), root diameter (0.035), root specific volume (0.00025) and root fresh weight (1.15). The highest amount of root vigor (459.30 and root length (55.71 cm) belongs to FILIP2014-02IL genotype. The highest root volume density (0.00027) was observed in FILIP2014-72L genotype. FILIP2014-103L genotype has the highest value of root length density was (0.032) and root surface (313.46). The highest value of specific root length (1645.8) and root volume (2.49 cm3) belonged to the genotype FILIP2007-95L. The amount of root water content (33.71) was observed in genotype 316-6.Genotype FILIP97-10L had the highest amount of root dry weight (0.053).Considering the existence of genetic diversity between root traits in the studied genotypes. Root length is one of the most important physiological and morphological characteristics of drought resistance. Cultivars with longer root length germinate usuallyfaster than cultivars with shorter root length and are more resistant to drought. Root volume is one of the most important traits in terms of water and food absorption. Therefore, it is a good measurement unit for the relationship between roots and aerial organs.The absorption of water by the plant depends on the size of the root such as the weight and length of the root and the distribution and activity of the root in the soil. Therefore, to understand more the concepts of resistance mechanisms and to find the genetic resources needed for breeding programs, it is necessary to understand root traits that are related to drought resistance, such as root water, content.the existing diversity can be used to improve varieties resistant to drought stress in lentil.

The results showed that Q. infectoria Oliv, Quercus brantii, and Quercus libani oaks had the highest density in the north, south, and east directions, respectively. Hawthorn had the highest density per hectare in the eastern direction. Based on the results, species diversity in the southern direction has the highest value. Geographic direction has a significant relationship with species density and diversity. Based on the results of the present research, in order to carry out management plans, one should pay attention to the spread of species in geographical directions and take necessary measures based on that. Determining and comparing biodiversity in different forest communities is of special importance for accurate knowledge and forest management. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of geographical direction on species density and diversity in the Lilane oak forests of Sardasht in an area of about 28 hectares. First, a statistical network with dimensions of 45 x 45 meters was implemented in the region in a systematic random way. In this regard, 120 sample plots (30 sample plots for each geographical direction) were established in the research area and the geographical direction, number and type of trees were recorded. According to the density of species in the sample plots, the density per hectare was calculated, and to check and compare the biodiversity from the Simpson and Shannon-Wiener species diversity indices, the species richness was calculated from the Margalf and Ghanai richness indices. Peylo and Hill's uniformity indices were used for mechanistic and species uniformity. Biodiversity index values were determined using Past software. Then, the normality of the data was done using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the homogeneity of variances was done with the Lune test, and the comparison of the averages in four geographical directions was done with the Duncan test in SPSS software. The results showed that Q. infectoria Oliv, Quercus brantii, and Quercus libani oaks had the highest density in the north, south, and east directions, respectively. Hawthorn had the highest density per hectare in the eastern direction. Based on the results, species diversity in the southern direction has the highest value. Geographic direction has a significant relationship with species density and diversity. Based on the results of the present research, in order to carry out management plans, one should pay attention to the spread of species in geographical directions and take necessary measures based on that.

The increase in the urban population, the expansion of industries, and as a result, the diversity of activities and population, and as a result of the rapid physical transformations of the city, have changed the previous equations governing the spatial organization of cities, and the city is faced with new and frequent issues and problems in the environmental, social, economic and physical fields. unknown has been encountered. Issues that lead to the uncontrollable development of urban areas, the creation of new settlements, the reduction of the level of human welfare, unplanned constructions, reaching the suburbs and the occurrence of many urban problems. It is in different dimensions. In this regard, the logical and practical tools and solutions of many countries to overcome the problems and problems of cities and urban areas and improve their biological and physical conditions; Conducting urban studies and preparing and implementing urban development plans.Thinking about urban planning (in its current form) started with mere theorizing and idealism from the beginning of the 19th century. With the beginning of the 20th century, planning was inclined to concrete and detailed issues, and attention to general and everyday issues such as health, transportation, urban form, etc., took the place of general ideas. With the outbreak of the Second World War and the comprehensive destruction of cities, urban development changes from a one-dimensional to a multi-dimensional perspective, and the issue of urban development is addressed more comprehensively. In Iran, the process of preparing urban development plans (the dominant pattern of comprehensive and detailed plans) has started since the 1340s. After about six decades of the preparation of these plans, with the aim of preventing the uneven and abnormal development of cities and providing a strategy to regulate urban development, the aforementioned plans could not fully achieve their goals. Also, the evaluation process as a management tool in order to achieve the goals and success of urban development plans has not found the proper and necessary place in the planning system. In this regard, the city of Ardabil is not an exception to the rule, and it seems that the plans and goals of the comprehensive plan of the city of Ardabil have not been realized. in the master plan of Ardabil city; The goals, strategies and policies suitable for the macro development vision of Ardabil city "Progressive City, Green City" have been explained and proposed. In this research, the environmental goals and the degree of realization of these aspects are specifically discussed.

The research method used in this research is mixed or combined (quantitative and qualitative). In this study, both quantitative and qualitative methods with sequential exploratory model were used. First, qualitative data was collected and analyzed, then quantitative data (as a supplementary plan) was collected and analyzed in the second stage. Finally, both qualitative and quantitative analysis have been interpreted at the same time. The statistical population of this research is managers, officials and experts in the field of urban planning and management, as well as academic elites. It should be noted that the field investigation and observation of the results of the comprehensive plan of Ardabil city, interviews with officials and managers of the area of Ardabil urban development plans, questioning of urban experts and academic elites; The data collection methods of the present research are analyzed using the one-sample T-test in the form of SPSS software.

Evaluation plays a key role in the success of urban development projects. It is very important to evaluate the feasibility of plans in the field of planning. Despite the fact that there is no standard approach and method for developing a suitable evaluation framework; But in the field of evaluating the feasibility of plans, there is a comprehensive agreement between planners and academics that the mentioned matter is the key solution to determine the success and responsiveness of the plans. Because the lack of success in the realization of plans has long been considered as an important and significant obstacle in achieving an effective planning.Considering the importance of evaluating urban development plans, the aim of this research is to evaluate the degree of realization of the environmental proposals of the comprehensive urban plan of Ardabil. The results obtained from document reviews, field observations, interviews and experts' questionnaires show that the comprehensive urban plan of Ardabil has not been successful.Considering the environmental proposals of the master plan and their progress up to the horizon of the plan (1400), it can be concluded that the degree of realization of the environmental proposals of the master plan of Ardabil city was average. Despite the fact that 15 years have passed since the preparation and approval of the comprehensive plan of Ardabil city, and in fact the horizon of the plan has ended, but still the environmental proposals have not been realized. Even the short-term proposals that were defined for one or two years have not been realized after 15 years.Also, the proposals presented for a congregation were less than 550 thousand people (including the area of influence, 600 thousand people), while the current population of Ardabil city in the horizon of 1400 is more than 660 thousand people (that is, 20% of the population forecast difference). It means that the set of proposals presented for a population smaller than the predicted population has not been realized. And that in the comprehensive plan of Ardabil city, the macro perspective of the development of Ardabil city was proposed and predicted under the title of "green city", while in the horizon of the relevant plan, Ardabil faces a series of environmental issues such as air pollution, reduction of space per capita green, traffic, frequent flooding and complicated roads, change of land use, increase of urban waste and lack of proper and timely collection, reduction of quality of life and livability of Ardabil city, dominance of horse over pedestrian (vehicle driven), reduction of quantity and The quality of drinking water has been affected by the increase in the use of non-renewable energies, which indicates the instability of Ardabil city in the environmental field.Therefore, in order to realize the goals of the development projects, it is suggested that, along with predicting a sufficient budget and identifying the person responsible for the realization of each proposal, the necessary executive guarantees should also be considered. Because the problem of providing financial resources, fragmentation in the implementation of the comprehensive urban plan (lack of integrated urban management) and lack of strong laws and regulations in the field of program implementation is one of the most important issues surrounding the realization of the proposals of urban development plans.

It is necessary to know the potential abilities and the functioning of the environmental factors affecting beekeeping, such as the identification of plant species and the length of the flowering period of plants, considering the role and importance of weather elements. With this information in hand, a fundamental step can be taken in the optimal use of honey bee food resources and the establishment of colonies in the right place and time. In this research, due to the great importance of temperature in bee breeding, 20 years of daily temperature statistics of meteorological stations were used. These data were used to identify the optimal temperature thresholds for honey bees and were made into a zoned map with the geographic information system. By using the degree index of growth days and regression equations of flowering dates to determine the migration time of the colonies, the evaluation and the results showed that the temperature thresholds of 10 and 20 degrees Celsius from May to September are among the active temperatures and to take advantage of the thermal potential of the region and the thermal power in the direction Optimum, special reference should be made to the months of June and July, which have the right temperature and the time when the plants of the Sablan area begin to flower, the difference in altitude is also very important in terms of temperature, because it causes the colonies to move at different temperatures. The results show that the oregano plant has a higher growth and flowering area than other plants in the region, so that it covers a large area in all stations from the middle of June and is a good source of food for honeybees in the hot months of the year. Finally, it should be added that by using the obtained calendar for the warm half of the year, the status of establishing the colonies in the right place and time will increase the per capita production and more income for the beekeepers.

As the population around the world increases, the demand for food and other goods increases. This demand is estimated with extensive production and use of natural resources, which leads to more environmental pollution. Along with other factors of production, energy plays a decisive role in the economic growth of countries and its importance continues to increase. Since a large part of the increase in demand for energy consumption is provided by fossil resources and their consumption leads to the emission of greenhouse gases and air pollution, it seems that economic growth in this way causes more environmental pollution. to be Although the emission of carbon dioxide gas has been closely linked with the growth of national income as one of the axes of the Human Development Index (HDI) in recent decades, it has destructive effects on other key measures of human development, such as life expectancy, because the destruction of the environment not only leads to an increase in the death rate, but also reduces the life expectancy in countries. When pollution and destruction cover the environment, the spread of various diseases and as a result the increase in mortality and the decrease in life expectancy will be obvious for that country and even its neighbors. Pollution sometimes produces such destructive effects that the residents of that area suffer from it and bear its effects for generations to come.Asian Productivity Organization (APO) including 18 member countries (Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam), In line with the goal of participating in the socio-economic development of the member countries and improving the quality of life for the people of those countries through the promotion of productivity under the spirit of mutual cooperation among the member countries. Considering the rapid expansion of urban society and the dynamic growth of urbanization and its effect on the production of greenhouse gases as one of the most important factors of environmental pollution in different countries, there is an urgent need to fill the void in the relationship between life expectancy, economic growth, energy consumption and urbanization are revealed in the member countries of this organization. Also, according to the conducted surveys and the absence of similar studies, this study is probably the first to examine the amount of carbon dioxide emissions of APO member countries.

The estimation of the model in this study is based on panel data. The distinctive feature of this model is that it is simultaneously able to collect data in the form of time series and cross section and present their results together. Also, in these models, more statistical methods are available to the researcher and as a result, the estimation efficiency increases. This study has investigated air pollution with energy consumption, economic growth, urbanization and life expectancy by using the autoregression model with panel data distribution breaks (ARDL) during the period of 2000-2016. The advantage of using the ARDL method over other methods is that regardless of whether the variables in the model are of I(0) or I(1) type, it is possible to check the convergence relationship between the variables; Therefore, ARDL estimates are unbiased and efficient due to avoiding problems such as endogeneity and autocorrelation. Also, this method simultaneously estimates the long-term and short-term relationships between the dependent variable and other explanatory variables of the model.

Based on the results, the lowest amount of air pollution is related to Nepal and the highest amount is related to Singapore. Also, the countries of Mongolia and China had the lowest and the highest urban population among the studied countries, respectively. The lowest life expectancy is related to Cambodia and the highest life expectancy is related to Hong Kong. In estimating the model, the best interval is Panel ARDL (1,1,1,1,1). The variables of gross domestic product, energy consumption and urbanization have a positive relationship with air pollution, and the variable of life expectancy has a negative relationship with air pollution, which is in accordance with theoretical expectations. Based on this, a one percent increase in GDP in selected APO member countries leads to a 0.44 percent increase in air pollution;Likewise, a one percent increase in urbanization leads to a 0.38 percent increase in air pollution. Also, the results showed that, in the short term, error correction and energy consumption variables are significant at the level of one percent, and other variables are not significant in the short term. The coefficient of the error correction term indicates a significant long-term relationship between the variables of the model. This coefficient is significant at the probability level of one percent and its sign is negative, so it is expected that in each period, about 30% of the deviation of the short-term relationship will be adjusted towards the long-term coefficients. The results obtained from the long-term estimation of the model show that the increase in economic growth, energy consumption and urbanization leads to an increase in air pollution in APO member countries. Also, most of the investigated countries are less developed and developing countries. In addition, based on the results of life expectancy and air pollution, they have an inverse relationship, which is according to theoretical expectations; Because the increase in air pollution causes an increase in health costs, a decrease in the quality of the environment and, as a result, a decrease in life expectancy. Considering the conditions of climate change and the increase in the temperature of the earth, the increase in population and the economic conditions of the studied countries, it is suggested that the use of environmentally friendly technologies and equipment should be expanded in these countries with the cooperation of developed countries and the resources Renewable energy replaces fossil fuel sources to reduce environmental pollution. Moreover, Considering the positive and significant variable of economic growth in the emission of air pollution and considering that improving economic growth is one of the important goals of the economy, measures should be taken by policymakers so that economic growth causes the least damage to the environment.

Metal scrap is one of the most important materials in urban and especially industrial waste, which constitutes 70% of the total industrial waste. Metal scrap trade has been the main source of heavy metal production and pollution in the environment. In addition, metal scrap has properties of toxicity, pathogenicity, reliability in the environment and even in the body of living beings and corrosiveness. Therefore, by reusing these metals, environmental pollution will be prevented, and energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced. Also, metal scrap recycling can prevent the extraction of ore and raw materials and preserve non-renewable mineral resources. On the other hand, cow manure compost, as a material that is a product of cow manure composting, has a very variable composition, the range of its elements depends on several factors such as livestock feeding, type of keeping and processing of cow manure, type of composting. Organic fertilizers have high amounts of macronutrients such as nitrogen and potassium, but they are relatively poor in terms of micronutrients. Accordingly, mixing organic fertilizers with metal scraps of iron and zinc can lead to an increase in the concentration of these elements in the fertilizer by forming complexes and chelates in the fertilizer. Adding metal scraps of iron and zinc to organic fertilizers causes iron to be chelated by the organic parts of the fertilizer, such as fulvic acid and humic acid, which have low molecular weight. This process occurs as a result of the effect of organic materials in creating reductive conditions, which depends on factors such as acidity, oxidation and reduction potential, the amount and type of organic compounds, and the type of iron and zinc scraps. Furthermore, as a result of increasing moisture and creating saturated conditions, the amount of oxygen in the fertilizer decreases and is consumed by aerobic microorganisms to the extent that it reduces the redox potential and creates reductive conditions. In this situation, anaerobic microorganisms use oxidized substrates as electron acceptors and change the capacity of elements such as trivalent iron and tetravalent manganese to divalent iron and manganese by consuming protons. Organic fertilizers, having high organic matter, cause a further decrease of the redox potential and facilitate the aggravation of the reduction conditions and the change of the element capacity. The purpose of this research is the effect of different moisture levels on the enrichment of cow manure compost by using metal scraps of iron and zinc.

To study this research, a split-plot-factorial experiment was conducted in the basic design of completely randomized blocks with 3 replications. The main factor of the design was moisture, which included 3 moisture levels of saturation, half saturation, and quarter saturation, and the secondary factors included iron scrap and zinc scrap, each of which had 3 levels with percentages of 0, 0.2, and 2. Also, the treatments of sub-factors in 9 levels were as follows:1- iron particles 0% + zinc particles 0% (control), 2- iron particles 0% + zinc particles 0.2%, 3- iron particles 0% + zinc particles 2%, 4- iron particles + 0.2% 0% zinc particles, 5-2% iron particles + 0% zinc particles, 6-0.2% iron particles + 0.2% zinc particles, 7-0.2% iron particles + 2% zinc particles, 8-particles 2% iron + 0.2% zinc particles and 9-2% iron particles + 2% zinc particles.The cow compost manure used in this research consisted of cow manure and wheat straw. To prepare the compost, the cow manure produced was stored and decomposed for three months, then the manure that was relatively decomposed was composted using the Windrow method. After that, the produced compost was passed through a 2 mm sieve to remove extra materials such as gravel and wood pieces. To prepare the treatments, first, 100 grams of dry matter of cow manure compost was saturated with distilled water, the volume of distilled water was equal to 240 ml, and its weight humidity was equal to 200%. Accordingly, 120 ml of distilled water was used for the half-saturated moisture level (humidity equal to 100%) and 60 ml of distilled water was used for the quarter-saturated moisture level (humidity equal to 50%). Then iron and zinc scraps that had a metallic form were added to 100 grams of compost dry matter that was moistened in plastic containers. In the following, the samples were incubated for 60 days at a temperature of 25 ± 3 and and during this period, the weight moisture of the treatments was measured every 5 days and the treatments were moisturized to maintain the initial moisture. At the end of the incubation, the treatments were air-dried and their available iron and zinc concentrations were measured.

The results show that the amount of available iron in saturated moisture was higher than the other two moistures, which is probably due to the reduction of trivalent iron to divalent iron and the reduction of redox potential and, consequently, the increase in the solubility of iron metal compounds in fertilizer. On the other hand, no significant difference between available iron in the treatments was observed in half-saturated and quarter-saturated moistures, which can be attributed to the lack of reduction conditions and no change in iron capacity and its available amount. The results also indicated that with the use of iron scrap, the amount of available iron increases significantly, which increased with the use of more scrap i.e. 2% iron and the application of saturated moisture. Thus, in the treatment of 2% iron particles + 0% zinc particles, the highest amount of available iron was observed with the amount of 756.2 mg/kg, which increased by 335% compared to the control treatment at the same moisture. The addition of zinc scrap, either as a separate application or with simultaneous application with iron scrap, caused a decrease in the available concentration of iron. This result is probably due to the high content of zinc compared to iron and the competition of elements in the DTPA extract. From the obtained data, it can be concluded that the saturated moisture had an effect on the available concentration of zinc only in 2% zinc scrap treatments, and other treatments were not affected by the increase in moisture. The use of zinc scrap separately increased the available amount of zinc, qua in the saturation treatment of 0% iron particles + 2% zinc particles, it reached 4538.7 mg/kg. Probably due to the large supply of zinc scrap, the predominant form of which is zinc oxide, which has high solubility, and as a result, the interaction between the conditions of reduction and chelation of zinc element occurred. It was also found that the use of iron scrap increased the amount of available zinc either as a separate application or in interaction with zinc scrap. This is the case in the treatments of 0.2% iron particles + 2% zinc particles (5388.9 mg/kg) and 2% iron particles + 2% zinc particles (the highest amount of available zinc in fertilizer with 6363.2 mg/kg).

The results of this research indicate the positive effect of adding metal scraps of iron and zinc in saturated moisture to cow manure compost. The application of iron and zinc scraps separately caused a significant increase in the available amount of iron and zinc in the fertilizer. However, their simultaneous application caused a decrease in available iron and a further increase in available zinc in fertilizer. Due to the fact that metal scraps of iron and zinc have low solubility and on the other hand, organic fertilizers with high amounts of organic matters cause the formation of complexes and chelation, as well as increase the solubility of metal scraps, and as a result, it causes a significant increase in the amount of available iron and zinc, which This increases significantly in high moisture and reduction conditions. Therefore, the use of metal scraps of iron and zinc in saturated moisture has a significant effect on the enrichment of organic fertilizers with these elements and can be a good solution for the reuse of metal scraps.

Creating products that are different from competitors is becoming more difficult day by day (Zarei & Mahmoodi pachal, 2019; Nguyen & Toulouse, 2021); Because in today's world, the products are physically similar and the competition has increased compared to before (Mahmoudi Pachal and Zarei, 2017). From another point of view, since 1960, due to the restrictions that have arisen in the field of raw materials and energy, the competition between companies has increased, and in order to survive in this competitive environment, organizations must use their assets more effectively. have their own visible and invisible (Cassia & Magno, 2019; Hosni et al., 2012). Due to the increase in existing competition, companies have paid great attention to customer satisfaction and retention and have paid great attention to the importance of intangible assets in increasing their performance (Raj & Aithal, 2018); One of these intangible assets that is very important for organizations is the brand (Hosni et al., 2013.Green marketing literature has led to the emergence of the category of green consumerism. Companies that implement green marketing orientation send a message to stakeholders that they care about society and the ecosystem (Norouzi Ajirlu et al., 1401). The idea of green products in design and packaging can give a distinctive face to products (Daraei et al., 1400). Providing green products also affects the overall perceived quality of the product by the consumer (Del Afrooz et al., 2016). Companies that pay attention to environmental issues in their production and marketing process will probably create more favorable images in the minds of consumers (Baghban Baghstan et al., 1400). Having a green brand causes the organization to be recognized as giving importance to the environment and makes the brand famous at the international level (Norouzi Ajirlu et al., 1401).Understanding the effect of consumers' purchase decisions is important for companies and products (Rahbar & Abdulvahid, 2011) and according to the benefit of the environmental brand, the way consumers decide to buy environmentally friendly products may be different. Consumers who consider themselves as environmentally conscious consumers will prefer to choose products that are suitable for the environment and in this way show their support for the environment and their emotional needs as well. to satisfy (Ramadani and Tahshani, 2016). The results of recent studies show that consumers value green and pro-environment products more and are willing to pay more to buy these products than similar products (Leszczynska, 2014). Different researches have been done regarding green brands, but so far no research has been done to identify the basic prerequisites affecting green branding in the auto spare parts industry. Auto spare parts is one of the industries affecting air pollution, along with petrochemical industries, and this issue has added to some environmental sensitivities regarding this industry. Green branding can be a step towards protecting the environment on the one hand and the brand reputation of companies active in the auto spare parts industry on the other hand. Based on this, the current research seeks to identify the basic prerequisites needed for green branding in the auto spare parts industry in Iran.

The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and is considered as a qualitative research in terms of its approach. . Considering that the purpose of the research is to identify the basic prerequisites of green branding, it is therefore considered an exploratory research. The research participants were auto spare parts industry experts, academic experts and environmental experts. The data collection tool was semi-structured interviews, and considering that the criterion for determining the sample size was theoretical saturation, in total, theoretical saturation was achieved after conducting 17 interviews. Theoretical saturation means that no new findings are obtained in the final interviews and the researcher concludes that the codes resulting from the interviews have so-called reached the saturation level. Data analysis was done by theme analysis using Atlas.ti qualitative software version 9.1.7. Theme analysis includes three stages of open coding, central coding and selective coding. For the validity and reliability of the research, things like multiple coding, reviewing the text with the interviewees, and the detailed implementation of the interviews were used.

The interviewees of the research were 17 people in total, 7 people were experts in the spare parts industry, 5 people were academic experts and 5 people were environmental experts. 6 people had a bachelor's degree, 5 people had a master's degree, and 6 people had a doctorate degree. 5 were women and 12 were men. In terms of age group, 3 people were under 30 years old, 5 people were 30 to 40 years old, 4 people were 40 to 50 years old, and 5 people were over 50 years old.The data of the interviews were analyzed using Atlas-TI software. The interview data were analyzed using theme analysis and open coding, selective coding and axial coding. Based on the results of the axial coding process, 110 open codes, 33 selective codes and 6 axial codes were obtained. Based on the results of the coding process, the basic prerequisites for green branding in the auto spare parts industry include the institutionalization of environmental and social values in the organization, proper product performance, consumer environmental knowledge and awareness, intra-organizational motivation, training and information and Knowing and paying attention to society's preferences and expectations.

The present study showed that the institutionalization of environmental and social values in the organization is one of the basic prerequisites for green branding in the auto spare parts industry. The identified sub-codes for the institutionalization of environmental and social values include green personal value of employees, green personal value of managers, instilling the priority of environmental protection, commitment to nature, commitment of company management, commitment to the environment, attention to health. The green thinking of top managers is attention to environmental requirements, benevolence, pro-environmental behavior of employees, being green as an organizational value, culture building, employees caring for nature and attention to the environment. Based on this, it can be said that the companies active in the auto spare parts industry should accept environmental values as the basic principles of their organization and spread them among their employees and managers for green branding. This requires internal organizational culture, and it can be said that for green branding and introduction of the company as an environmentally friendly company, it must first start from within the company. Organizational employees and managers must be completely coordinated with the culture of green production and appropriate to the environment and accept the environment as one of the organizational priorities and believe in it.Another prerequisite for green branding that was identified in this research is education and information. The sub-dimensions of education and information include promoting environmental principles in the organization, attention to environmental education, employees' awareness of the environment. Based on this concept, it can be said that paying attention to the environment is not possible without necessary education. Therefore, necessary trainings and sufficient information in this regard should be at the center of the organization's activities. Recognizing and paying attention to society's preferences and expectations is one of the other prerequisites for green branding. Green branding is possible when it is interpreted appropriately by the target community and consumers. If the target society does not consider the brand as a green brand, the efforts of the organization will be meaningless. Based on this, auto spare parts companies should adapt their activities to the expectations of the target community while identifying the expectations and preferences of the society.Proper performance of products is one of the other prerequisites identified for green branding. Based on the sub-codes identified for quality performance, product quality performance can be defined in both areas of overall quality and actual greenness of the product. Besides paying attention to the environment, consumers also pay attention to the quality of the purchased goods. Low-quality or low-quality products will not be accepted by consumers, even if they pay attention to environmental issues, so for green branding, it is necessary for the company's products to have sufficient quality.The necessary motivation within the organization is one of the other prerequisites identified for green branding. Managers and employees of the organization should have sufficient motivation to promote green branding. Also, environmental knowledge and awareness of the consumer was identified as a prerequisite for green branding. Branding means creating a brand in the minds of consumers. In fact, the main activity of branding comes to a conclusion when the intended image is created in the mind of the consumer. A consumer recognizes a brand as a green brand when he has sufficient knowledge and awareness about environmental issues and, while having sufficient knowledge of the environment, reconsiders the issues related to it, and in the next step makes his purchase decisions. associate with it. If consumers are not familiar with environmental knowledge, they will be unable to distinguish real green brands from green claimants.

Although climate change is expected to affect many parts of the environment, water is the most critical factor affected by climate change. Iran is always facing limited water resources, and due to the fact that climate change can be considered an aggravating factor in the water crisis, projeting the effect of climate change on the future drought is very important for managing water resources. In this study, the effects of climate change on the meteorological drought of Karkheh basin in the future have been investigated by dynamical model (PECIS) and under A2 and B2 emission scenarios.

In this study, PRECIS dynamic downscaling model was used to estimate precipitation and temperature in the base period (1960 to 2000) and future period from 2070 to 2100 and under two scenarios A2 and B2. For this purpose, the PRECIS model was implemented with a horizontal separation of 0.44 degrees in grids. To use PRECIS model results, it is necessary to evaluate the model first. For this purpose, the model was first run for the 1960 to 1990 years and the projected precipitation and temperature values were compared with the observed values of the stations. The study of climate changes in Karkheh basin showed that under scenario A2, the amount of precipitation will increase by about 11% and the average minimum and maximum temperature will increase by about 5 degrees. For scenario B2, the amount of precipitation will increase by about 7% and the average minimum and maximum temperature will increase by about 3 degrees.Then, using SPI index drought analysis was performed. The variability of SPI index for 1, 3 and even 6 months is very high compared to the average because any amount of rainfall can change the value of the index quickly in this time scale. This is while the 12-month index can better determine the number of drought events and evaluate their duration and intensity. Therefore, to investigate the meteorological drought in the study area, the 12-month SPI value was used as an annual drought index.In order to investigate the characteristics of droughts, two selected stations in the region, Khorramabad and Kermanshah stations, which are the closest points to the output grid of the climate model, have been used. The choice of these two stations is due to the fact that in order to compare the drought characteristics of the base period with the drought of the future period, the rainfall data simulated by the climate model which is in the form of a grid (raster) should be used and in order to be able to compare It is necessary that the output grid points of the model match the stations as much as possible in terms of location. Therefore, by adapting the stations on the network of output points of the climate model, two stations, Khorramabad and Kermanshah, which are the closest points to the output grid of the model, were selected. The study of meteorological drought using the SPI index shows that several major droughts occurred in 1966-67, 1970-71, 1973, 1977-78, 1984, 1991, 1995, 1998-2000. The study of drought during the period 2070 to 2100 in Kermanshah and Khoramabad stations shows that under both scenarios, the years 2077, 2081 to 2083, 2087 to 2089, and 2095 to 2096 will experience drought. However, in both scenarios, the intensity and magnitude of the drought will decrease compared to the base period, and this decrease is greater under scenario B2 than A2. The results also show that the number of dry months and the duration of drought will increase in both scenarios. Examining the probability of drought occurrence under different scenarios shows that the probability of drought occurrence for Kermanshah station is equal to 9% under scenario A2 and 15% under scenario B2, which is a decrease compared to the probability of occurrence of drought in the base period of the same station. The probability of drought for Khorramabad station under scenarios A2 and B2 are 12 and 19 percent, respectively, and the same probability is 15 percent for the base period of Khorramabad station. Comparing the probability of occurrence for different scenarios shows that the occurrence of drought under scenario B2 will be associated with a higher probability than scenario A2.

Investigating the effects of climate change on the meteorological drought of the Karkheh basin by dynamic climate model during the period from 2070 to 2100 shows the following results in brief:The evaluation of scenario A2, during the period from 2070 to 2100, shows that the average rainfall will increase by about 11%. On the other hand, the average minimum and maximum temperature under scenario A2 shows an average increase of 5 degrees in all months. Meanwhile, the projected rainfall under the B2 scenario has shown an average increase of about 7%. Under scenario B2, the average minimum and maximum temperature has increased by about 3 degrees Celsius.Study of climate change on the meteorological drought of Karkheh Basin shows that the most number of droughts occurred in the stations are 1 to 3 month droughts; Events of 4 to 7 months also show a significant number in stations. The study of meteorological drought during the period from 2070 to 2100 shows that under both scenarios A2 and B2, the severity of droughts will decrease compared to the base period, although the duration of drought and the number of dry months will increase. Examining the probability of drought occurrence under different scenarios shows that the probability of drought occurrence under scenario A2 and B2 will decrease in the region. Comparing the probability of occurrence for different scenarios shows that the occurrence of drought under scenario B2 will be associated with a higher probability than scenario A2.The results show that to evaluate the drought, the SPI index three and six months shows large variability in most of the stations. Therefore, according to these variabilities and the fact that in order to study drought changes in future periods, the output data of climate models, which are usually less accurate for short-term periods, should be used, to study the meteorological drought from the SPI index 12 months was used.

Potato is an important vegetable that grows all over the world and is considered an important product in developing and developed countries for the human diet as a source of carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins. This product is native to South America and its origin is from Peru, after wheat, rice and corn, it is the fourth product in the food basket of human societies. According to the statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the area under cultivation of this crop in Iran in 2017 was 161 thousand hectares and the crop harvested from this area is about 5.1 million tons. Traditional methods of determining potato varieties were based more on morphological features, but with the production of new products, there was a need for methods that were faster and more recognizable. In the meantime, the high-performance artificial neural network can be used to classify cultivars. Artificial neural networks can classify and detect cultivars, are flexible, and are used in most agricultural products. Therefore, the olfactory machine can have high efficiency in classifying and distinguishing cultivar, originality and storage time. The olfactory machine is a system that has a different structure and approach from other methods (image processing, neural network, etc.), is flexible and is used in most agricultural products due to the presence of odour in them.With the rapid and rapid advancement of computer technology and sensor technology, the application of the bionic electronic nose, including a semiconductor gas-sensitive sensor and a pattern recognition system as a means of detection, offers a new method for rapid classification and digit recognition. Give. The electronic nose has also introduced a new method for classifying and detecting rough rice in a non-destructive and fast way.Due to a large number of potato varieties and sometimes the lack of familiarity of processing units with its cultivars and also time-consuming and inaccurate in identifying different potato cultivars by experts and farmers, and the importance of identifying potato cultivars and other agricultural products in At every stage of the food industry process, it is necessary to find ways to do this accurately and quickly enough. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability and accuracy of the electronic nose with the help of an artificial neural network to detect and differentiate several potato cultivars.

First, potatoes in 3 different cultivars (Colombo, Milvana and Sante) were prepared from Ardabil Agricultural Research Center and kept at a temperature of 10-4 ° C. One day after the data were collected, data collection began with an olfactory machine. 3-4 potatoes from each cultivar were placed in the sample container for 1 day to saturate the sample container with the smell. Then the sample chamber was connected to the electronic nasal device and data collection was performed. The data were collected by the olfactory machine in such a way that first clean air was passed through the sensor chamber for 100 seconds to clean the sensors from other odours. The odour (gases emitted from the sample) was then pumped out of the sample chamber by the pump for 100 seconds and directed to the sensors. Finally, clean air was injected into the sensor chamber for 100 seconds to prepare it for further data collection. According to these steps, the output voltage of the sensors was changed due to exposure to various gases (potato odour) and their olfactory response was collected by data collection cards, sensor signals were recorded and stored in the USB gate of the computer at 1-second intervals. A fractional method was used to correct the baseline in which noise or possible deviations were eliminated and the sensor responses were normalized and dimensionless. In the next step, linear diagnostic analysis (LDA) and artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to classify the 3 potato cultivars. LDA is a supervised method used to find the most distinctive special vectors, maximizing the ratio of the variance between class and within the class, and being able to classify two or more groups of samples. ANN and pattern recognition were used to find similarities and differences in the classification of potato cultivars. For this, 1 neuron was considered for the input layer, the hidden layer with the optimal number of neurons will be considered and five output neurons with Depending on the number of output classes the target will be considered. In-network training, logarithmic sigmoid transfer function and Lunberg-Marquardt learning method were used. Also, the amount of error was calculated using the mean square error. For learning (70%), testing (15%) and validation (15%) all data were randomly selected. Training data was provided to the network during the training and the network was adjusted according to their error. Validation was used to measure network generalization and completion of training. Data testing had no effect on training and therefore provided an independent measurement of network performance during and after training.

LDA and ANN methods were used to detect potato cultivars based on sensor output response. The LDA method can extract multi-sensor information to optimize resolution between classes. Therefore, this method was used to detect 3 potato cultivars based on the output response of the sensors. Detection results of cultivars equal to 100% were obtained (Figure 1). Also, in the ANN method, 8 sensors were considered in the input layer of 8 neurons according to the output data. Also, 3 layers of neurons were considered for the output layer according to the type of cultivars. Therefore, the 3-6-8 topology had the highest accuracy for detecting potato cultivars, so the RMSE value was 0.008 and the R2 value was 99.8. There was also a very high correlation between predicted and measured data (Figure 2). In this study, a portable olfactory machine system with 8 metal oxide sensors was used to investigate the detection of potato cultivars. Chemometrics methods including LDA and ANN were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex data using an electronic sensor array. LDA and ANN were able to accurately identify and classify different potato cultivars with 100% accuracy. The electronic nose has the potential to be used as a fast and non-destructive method to detect different potato cultivars. Using this method in identifying potato cultivars will be very useful for researchers to select and produce pure cultivars and for farmers to produce a uniform and certified crop.

Harm to animals is a socially abnormal behavior that in recent years, has been one of the examples of violence against animals, their killing or inappropriate social treatment by citizens, and one of the reasons for social fear and unprincipled treatment of urban animals, insufficient knowledge of They are. Animals are part of the natural society and have an effective and undeniable role in balancing the natural system. Accordingly, this study was conducted to investigate the social factors affecting the phenomenon of animal abuse in the city of Ardabil in terms of evaluating the indicators and components related to the phenomenon of animal abuse. The research method is applied according to the purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method. The data required for this study have been collected through field and documentary methods. The statistical population of the study is Ardabil. In order to study the social factors affecting the phenomenon of animal abuse in the urban environment, 4 indicators in the form of 23 items were used, then the PROMETHEE multi-criteria decision model was used to analyze the data. The results show that the cultural-educational index with a score of 0.0208, the legal index with a score of 0.01614, the environmental index with a score of 0.01533, and the social index with a score of -0.00253 have the highest and lowest impact on the phenomenon of animal abuse, respectively. They are in Ardabil. It is necessary that the average of all studied indicators in terms of effectiveness is also higher than the average (3).

An examination of the trend of climate data recorded in the past decades, as well as the output results of all climate models predicting the future climate, indicate the occurrence of negligible changes in the global climate. Therefore, long-term forecasting of climate variables has received much attention. In order to predict the climatic parameters in Evan Lake, downscaling of general circulation models (GCMs) was used by using the LARS-WG model. The General Circulation Model (GCM) is the most current method by using in climate change studies. They are a key to understanding changes in climate; Although GCMs are imperfect and uncertain. The LARS-WG model was implemented to predict climatic parameters and the necessary analyzes were performed on its results. After selecting the general circulation model and the scenario more in line with the climatic conditions of the region, the outputs of the selected model were compared with the base period to determine the trend of their changes. The results show a decrease in average rainfall (39.9 mm), an increase in minimum and maximum temperatures (0.4 ° C) and an increase in the number of wet days (7 days) and the number of frost days (5 days). Also, the number of dry days (7 days) and the number of hot days (5 days) will decrease in the climate period 2030-2020.

The quality of compost produced is very important in terms of handling and stabilization, which, unfortunately, has not paid much attention to most of our compost plants in our country. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of compost produced with the view of measuring heavy metals of lead and cadmium according to Iranian and world standards.For this purpose, the bioavailability of two lead and cadmium pollutants as heavy metal indices in radish overgrowth was measured in 5 treatments of Aq Qala ( Waste Management Organization Of Golestan Province) municipal waste compost in pilot condition. Finally, the amount of indicator elements before and after the growth of radish in plant and soil was evaluated and evaluated.determination of bioavailability of lead and cadmium by radish wildlife species from Boyan night darkness (due to fast growth and index of this plant dark as a plant), in 5 treatments including (control = a), (12.5% b =), (20% = (c, (33% = d), (% 50 = f), compost weight with field soil and in 3 replications under environmental conditions, Was evaluated. and the mean of data was analyzed by SPSS software based on Duncan test (p <5%) and Excel software were compared.The treatment had 50% by weight of compost, limited germination, and early growth was very low so no crop was produced. The best applied treatment was c treatment of 20% by weight of compost with field soil, which resulted in 1.46% increase in Pb uptake compared to control at 1.930 ppm compared to Pb (1,320 ppm). And the rate of cadmium uptake in the plant was 145 ppm, compared to its changes in soil (.340 ppm), .42. The percent reduction showed that it could be related to the results of the plant concentration changes in Duncan's method (at 5% means no significant difference between samples b and c) or because of the play of organic fertilizer which could be reduced. Provide the amount of cadmium absorbed by plant roots. It also had the highest tuber growth performance. The results of adsorption of both pollutants in applied treatments showed that with increasing compost application, lead and cadmium uptake was increased in plant, the highest for lead in d treatment with 195% compared to control and for cadmium in d treatment, 258%, Compared to control.

It seems that radish shoots with high uptake of lead and cadmium may cleanse the soil of these materials and act as a successful biofilter in infected soils due to a one-month growth period. A promising, relatively new technology for removal of heavy metal from contaminated sites is phytoremediation. There are numerous crops such as sunflower (Helianthus annus), maize (Zea mays), mustard (Brassica compestris), barley (Hordeum vulgare), beet (Beta vulgaris), bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia), brinjal (Solanum melongena), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis), chilli (Capsicum annum), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), garlic (Alium sativum), ivy gourd (Coccinia indica), lufa (Luffa acutangula), lady’s finger (Abelmoschus esculentus), mint (Mentha piperata), radish (Raphanus sativus), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum), and white gourd (Lagenaria vulgaris) used for remediation of heavy metal. The efficiency of the phytoremediation crops depends upon their biomass production and ability of metal accumulation in their harvestable organs. In addition to this there are some biotechnological approaches for enhancing the property of hyper accumulator plant for metal remediation. Various potential remediation techniques are available that can be used to reduce the heavy metal contamination. Research related to relatively new technology should be promoted and emphasized and expanded in developing countries where heavy metal pollution has already touched alarming level. In the above context present review deals with different approaches to reduce the availability of heavy metal from soil to plants.

Rivers have always played a significant role in the emergence and development of human society and the creation of various civilizations. The history of using the river as a source of supply for part of human needs goes back to the beginning of human civilization. According to history, the oldest civilizations have been formed and developed along the rivers; The first steps in the field of river exploitation, which is typically in the field of river engineering activities, coincided with the beginning of the formation of civilized societies along the rivers (Derakhshan, 1398). In recent decades, thousands of lives have been lost directly or indirectly to floods. In fact, of all the natural hazards, floods pose the greatest natural threat to life today (Alaghmand and others, 2010). Flood is a hydrological phenomenon whose occurrence depends mainly on climatological and geological factors (Jabbari and Khazaei, 2011). Floods are one of the natural hazards that cause great damage to the inhabitants of floodplains every year. Preparation of flood zoning maps for different return periods is one of the common methods used to show the potential of flood hazards (Rezaei Moghadam et al., 1397).

In order to perform zoning, cross sections and river banks were identified in ArcGIS software using the HecGeoRAS toolbar. Return periods in CUMFREQ software were calculated based on the amount of rainfall in Dubai in the last 30 years. Then, according to the discharge values and return periods (Table1), the information is transferred to HEC-RAS software; Zoning was prepared for 15, 25, 50 and 100 years.Analysis of LANDSAT 8 satellite images shows that the vegetation in this area is very poor. A large part of the river passes through the city and the river area was not observed during construction. The study of soil in the area also indicates a weak or nonexisstaent potential to maintain a good amount of runoff. The longitudinal profile of the zones, Figures (3 to 7) show the expansion of the flood width in the return periods. According to Figure (8), the area of flood spread in the 15-year return period is 1.11 km. Due to the location of the study area in the residential sector, the risk; The financial and human damage to human societies is significantly low. The floodplain area of the Qarasu River is 1.20 km according to Figure (9). This return period, like the 15-year return period, is not dangerous for human societies and is more effective in terms of geomorphological changes in the riverbed than human changes and damage. The area of flood zone for QarahSu river with a return period of 50 years according to Figure (10), was calculated to be 1.40 km. Bcause of the location of residential areas around the river and the amount of flood zone calculated, it is dangerous for human settlements and will lead to changes around the river and the destruction of urban settlements. The results obtained from the flood zone with a return period of 100 years according to Figure (11), show an increase in the area of the flood zone compared to the return periods of 15, 25 and 50 years with a value of 1.60 km and in terms of risk for human settlements. It is more favorable and will cause a lot of casualties. Flood zoning of the region in the return periods, clearly shows the expansion of flood zones in the urban part of Kermanshah province, which is located on the main route of the Qarasou River.

Calculating topographic information is one of the most important components of mathematical models before performing any flood zoning. This information includes longitudinal and transverse profiles of the river and its tributaries. As mentioned, the preparation of TIN is in fact to more accurately and easily identify rivers and their shores, which is essential in drawing the cross sections of the route under study. It should be noted that the cross sections are selected and harvested in a way that represents the general shape of the river and according to it, the main flow path is introduced to the model. After preparing the TIN, through the Hec-GeoRas extension, first determine the main course of the river and then, according to the TIN map, theareas along the river that are considered as beaches can be easily identified by changing the color. are; Also based on matching the TIN map with the Google Earth map of the coastLeft and right of the river were introduced to the software.In the next step, parallel to the shore lines and the main river route, in the direction of the river flow, the flood flow path should be drawn. The flood route must be within the TIN range. The distance between the lines for the flood flow should be drawn in proportion to the shore lines; For this purpose, in this study, the distance between the shore lines and the main river was considered 5 meters. At this stage, there is no need to redraw the main axis of the river and automatically, the program detects the main axis and draws the flood flow path on both sides of the river banks based on the shore lines. Following this trend, through the HecGeoRas extension, we determine the direction of flood flows as well as the direction of the shores. After drawing the direction of the flood flow, it is time to draw the cross sections. Cross sections should be drawn from the left and perpendicular to the axis of the river flow. Transverse sections are drawn according to the schematic feature of the river and its flow. If the river of the basin under study has a lot of twists and turns, the distances of short cross-sections should be drawn; if the river is in a straight line and does not have many twists and turns, the distances of long cross-sections should be drawn; Also, the width of the cross-sections should cross the shoreline and the direction of the flood flow so that the entire area is completely covered when flooding in Hec-Ras software. Here, given that the river is long and the winding of the river is medium; The distance between sections was 10 to 14 meters and the average width of sections was 26 meters. Add the cross-section output to the Hec-Ras software environment, and after ensuring the accuracy of the cross-sections, it is time to enter the flow data and flow conditions. At this stage, for the drawn river, a flow (Q) must enter. In order to simulate the river flow, the discharges of the return periods, 5, 7, 15, 25, 50 and 100, the maximum daily discharge statistics of the old bridge station were used; According to the results of studies, the longer the return periods, the higher the flow rate. To calculate the return period, CumFreq software was used in which the maximum daily flow rate of the stations was presented to the software. Then, according to the software calculations, different return periods were calculated. In the next step, according to the characteristics of the area, the flow velocity and the depth of the river; The Manning coefficient (n) was calculated using the following formula (Cowan, 1956): N = (NB + N1 + N2 + N3 + N4) * M.

The floods are causing heavy damage to roads, infrastructure, bridges, residential houses, cultural heritage and agricultural farms in various provinces, killing many people. Based on the obtained results, we have studied and studied the existing practical solutions to prevent this catastrophe in the future. Because urban infrastructure is not compatible with the drainage requirements of the land on which it is built, urban sprawl has increased the likelihood of flooding. Flooding is a natural disaster that can occur at any time and place and can not be completely prevented, but there are always ways to minimize damage and manage this crisis in the best possible way. One of the main and important goals is to prepare flood zoning maps that help to predict risk areas and reduce financial and human losses for efficient planning and management. In this research, using the maximum daily flow rate of Pul-e-Kohneh station, vegetation map, soil hydrological map, calculation of return periods; Flood zoning was prepared for return periods of 15, 25, 50 and 100 years. The obtained zoning maps along with the study of the longitudinal profile diagram of the river show that the longer the flood return period, the more areas of urban and residential lands in the watershed are affected by the flood; Matching the obtained flood zones with GOOGLE - EARTH satellite images; Indicates the accuracy of the results, which indicates the possibility of flooding in the Qarahsoo River area in Kermanshah province is very high.

In the context of growing concerns about environmental issues and sustainable development, policies and other measures to protect the environment are increasingly being developed. This has led to the development of tools and methods to support a variety of organizations in achieving and demonstrating the proper environmental performance of their activities, products and services. Environmental management techniques have led to improved understanding of potential impacts associated with activities, products or services, including risk assessment, environmental performance assessment, environmental auditing, environmental impact assessment, environmental labeling and life cycle assessment. Risk assessment is a process that is used to describe the risks that can affect the achievement of goals, understand their causes and determine the acceptability or intolerance of a certain level of risk. Environmental performance evaluation is a process to facilitate the management decisions of the organization in terms of their environmental aspects, by selecting indicators, collecting and analyzing data, evaluating information based on environmental performance criteria, reporting and communicating, and periodically reviewing and improving this. Trends are implemented.Cooking oils are commonly used for frying purposes. Therefore, oil waste is very high in cooking and can even be problematic from an environmental point of view. Improper disposal of cooking oil waste can have significant negative effects on the environment. Under current EU law, the use of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production has become important. The share of biofuels produced from waste, waste, non-food cellulosic materials and lignocellulosic materials by 2030 is considered twice as much as other biofuels. Biofuels produced from these sources are called advanced biofuels or second generation. Biodiesel from waste cooking oil is one of these fuels. The importance of biodiesel derived from waste cooking oils will increase, especially when restrictions on the production of biofuels based on crops are introduced in European law. These regulations have had unexpected interactions. With the start of international imports of edible oil, its price even went beyond the price of edible vegetable oils such as palm oil, and eventually, it increased the cost of production and opened the door to counterfeit products. Since there is no real definition of waste cooking oil. Today there is no possible way to determine when to use cooking oil or not. Therefore, according to the revision of the Renewable Energy Instruction, there are sounds that indicate that cooking oil should be removed from the list of advanced biofuels.Biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil, whether or not it is an advanced biofuel, will continue to play a role in achieving renewable energy in transportation by 2030, given the lower greenhouse gas emissions. In general, the reduction in conventional greenhouse gas emissions for biodiesel produced from waste vegetable oils is from 40 to 62%, while biodiesel from waste cooking oils shows a reduction of 88%, which still makes it attractive to practitioners.

Life cycle assessment begins with the collection of waste oil from households, restaurants and industry, and after recycling, the filtered oil is drained to separate solid particles and water. The refined oil then reaches the stage of biodiesel production by transesterification method. The purpose of this work is to study the theory and experimental performance characteristics of a diesel engine using biodiesel fuel from the point of view of life cycle assessment science. In this study, biodiesel production resources from collection and recycling stage to biodiesel production stage were considered as production inventory. Evaluations and analyzes were performed by IMPACT 2002+ method in life cycle assessment method. To evaluate the production of biodiesel, the production stage was divided into three parts, including the collection of waste cooking oil, recycling and refining of waste cooking oil, and finally biodiesel production by transesterification. At the collection stage, the only input studied was fuel. In the recycling and refining stage, fuel and electricity were used as inputs. For the production stage of biodiesel by transesterification method, inputs of waste oil, methanol, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, fuel, electricity, methyl ester and glycerin were used. Analyzes were performed in Sima Pro version 9 software under ISO 14040 and ISO 14041 standards. In this method, the results are studied in two categories, including intermediate indicators and final indicators. Intermediate indicators include carcinogenicity, non-carcinogenicity, respiratory effects due to inorganic compounds, respiratory effects due to organic compounds, ozone depletion, ionizing radiation, photochemical oxidation, water toxicity, soil toxicity, acid rain, eutrophication, land occupation, heating Universal, non-renewable energy and mineral extraction. Final indicators include human health, ecosystem quality, climate change and resources.

This study presents the methods and concepts introduced for the life cycle of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Used cooking oils have the potential to replace almost 2% of EU diesel consumption with the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 88% compared to diesel fuel, which is one of the main fossil fuels used in the transport industry. Given the importance of this alternative fuel and the support provided by energy and transportation policy frameworks around the world, it is important to evaluate its life cycle from a thermal economy perspective, analyze how the process improves, and compare results with others. Presentation of life cycle assessment results shows that biodiesel from cooking oil used is the most sustainable biodiesel in terms of the use of non-renewable sources. To further investigate the sustainability of production of this energy source, it is suggested that in future studies, the method of exergy and economic analysis be used along with the life cycle assessment method. Three perspectives are addressed to achieve greater stability of the production set. The amount of high available energy can promise the use of an energy source with high energy stability. However, there is a need for in-depth studies in this area to be able to emphasize the results. Achieving the minimum energy value of a fuel source that society should obtain from its energy utilization to support continued economic activity and social performance is one of the most important steps to improve the life cycle of producing an energy source. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the recycling and treatment stage needs to review and apply appropriate policies to reduce environmental impact.

Sefidkoh protected area is located in the vicinity of Khorramabad city, the capital of Lorestan province. This proximity to population centers confirms the need to pay attention to Sefidkoh. Information and research documents published on the diversity of plant and animal species and the habitat of this area are very limited. In the present study, the diversity of bird species in Sefidkouh Khorramabad protected area of Lorestan was investigated in 2016 and 2018. Birds were observed in the months of Bahman, March, April, Ardi Behesht, Khordad, and July of 2016 and 2018. In every month, two days between the 10th and 15th days of the fasting month, on days when the weather was clear and there was no rain, it was done at 8-10 am in Paish area. Observation of the species was done by moving slowly and ambushing the authors of the article in the area. And biodiversity indices were calculated with past software. 24 genera belonging to 9 orders of Iranian birds were identified in the region. The sparrow order with 8 genera and 15 species and the falcon order with 5 genera and 12 species were the most diverse orders identified in the region. 5 species of small falcon, falcon, golden eagle, Egyptian vulture, and bell-winged warbler are in the protection categories in the observed area. The Egyptian vulture is a rare species and is in danger of extinction. 5 aquatic species and 43 terrestrial species were identified. Species diversity was more in 2018. The species predominance was more in 2016. Fisher's alpha uniformity index and diversity index were higher in 2018.

The concepts of climate change and global warming have been widely considered as a major concern for the survival of living organisms on the planet. Since environmental and economic activities have coexisted since the beginning of Earth's history, development activities have gradually destroyed the environment by increasing CO2 emissions. Due to the lack of appropriate political initiatives, the earth is now facing the problem of adverse consequences of environmental vulnerability and destruction, which is causing suffering to the lives of humans, animals and plants worldwide. Therefore, reducing CO2 emissions to build a green and sustainable earth by considering various contributing factors such as renewable energy, technological innovation, export quality, and economic growth has become a desirable goal for contemporary researchers, as well as limited studies on the impact They are done.

In this research, in order to investigate the effects of renewable energy consumption variables, research and development cost (representative of technological innovation variable), export quality, which is one of the main and explanatory variables, and economic growth is one of the explanatory and controlling variables on CO2 emission. The econometric model derived from the research of Rahman et al(2022) uses and is specified as follows:〖(〖CO〗_2)〗_it=〖(RED)〗_it+〖(EQI)〗_it+〖(REC)〗_it+〖(GDP)〗_it+〖(U)〗_it REC: renewable energy consumption; RED: technological innovation; EQI: export quality (except the main variables); CO2: dependent variable; GDP: economic growth (except control variable); i: sections (countries); t: time; U (it ) except error The geographical scope of the current research is 20 countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) during the period of 2000-2020 and the evaluation of the independent variables of the research on CO2 emissions using the econometric model Panel ARDL There have been. Various studies have shown that ARDL models have several advantages over some other models. First, when the sample size is small, the estimation results will be reliable. Another thing is that this method can be used without considering the accumulation of zero or one degree of variables (Bhutto & Chang, 2019), while conventional models such as VECM or VAR can only be used in certain conditions. used that the variables have the same clustering degree (Chang et al., 2020). The third advantage of using the ARDL method is that it is possible to derive the ECM equation based on it. Fourth, in ARDL models, the issue of endogeneity creates the least problem. Because in these models there is no correlation in the error component (Pesaran et al, 2001). Of course, it should be noted that in addition to all the advantages, the problem of ARDL methods is that if the variables are cumulative of the second degree, they cannot be used. Based on this and considering the mentioned advantages, in the current research, the family of ARDL models has been used to estimate the coefficients.

It is well known that greenhouse gases (GHGs) are required to keep the Earth's temperature at levels so as to sustain life. However, increasing amounts of GHG emissions due to man-made activities, such as burning fossil fuels, absorb heat and cause global warming, giving rise to changes in the climate system. Arguably, this is one of the greatest problems humanity is facing today.Current study examines the role of factors affecting the reduction of CO2 emissions in 20 MENA countries in the period of 2002-2020. The data has been extracted from the websites of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The results using the ARDL-PMG econometric technique show that the consumption of renewable energy, the quality of exports, and the cost of research and development have had a negative and significant impact on the emission of CO2. The control variable of economic growth has had a positive and significant effect on CO2 emissions. The PMG estimation results show that in the short term, REC, EQI, RED have caused a decrease of 0.0219, 0.1208 and 0.06352 respectively in CO2 emission, while GDP has caused an increase of 0.2604 in carbon dioxide emission. . Also, based on the long-term estimation results, REC, EQI, RED have caused a decrease of 0.0451, 0.3211 and 0.01211 respectively in CO2 emission. While the control variable of GDP has caused an increase of 0.3722 in CO2 emission. The results of the variables are the same in both short and long-term periods and only differ in the size of the influence of the coefficients. So that all REC, EQI, RED variables have had a negative and significant impact on CO2 emissions in the short and long term, and the control variable GDP has had a positive and significant impact on carbon dioxide emissions in the short and long term. Among all the variables of the research, the highest influence coefficient related to the GDP variable is 0.3722 in the long term and the lowest is RED, 0.01211 in the long term. Also, Granger causality test one-way causality from renewable energy consumption to CO2 emission, one-way causality from export quality to CO2 emission, one-way causality from research and development cost to CO2 emission and also causality They confirm one-way from economic growth to CO2 emission. Research with the results of studies such as Masoudi et al. (2018), Wang et al.,(2021), Saidi, K., & Omri, (2020), Hasnisah et al.,(2019) ., Ding et al.,(2021) and Salari et al., (2021) Correspond.Based on the obtained results, the following suggestions are presented:Implementation of inclusive economic growth and development activities without harming the environment by adopting and investing in green technology, green urbanization and green industrialization.According to the results of the research on the significant reduction in CO2 emissions during the use of renewable energy, it is necessary to take measures with more investment to increase the sources of renewable energy and support solar and wind energy by providing incentive policies and for the long term, it should be done. A suitable energy policy should be developed and implemented.Technological innovation helps introduce more environmentally and energy efficient technologies and equipment by increasing spending on scientific research and development. Appropriate policy initiatives are needed to invest more in technological innovations on a priority basis.Considering that export quality has a reducing effect on CO2 emissions, policy makers and investors should consider product quality as a key factor when designing. In this regard, increasing the level of physical investment (construction of railways and highways) and the amount of human capital investment (education) as well as foreign direct investment (FDI) can improve the quality of exports.

Traditional Chinese architecture and gardening are a mirror of the display of culture and ritual that has shown themselves in a physical body. Ancient Chinese architecture and traditional gardening have always been one of the world's most valuable art styles. The conceptual components of traditional Chinese architecture can be seen not only in symbols and emblems, but also in components and elements, and even in spatial structures. The purpose of this research is to simultaneously observe the physical and conceptual aspects of traditional Chinese architecture and gardening and compile the structuring components of this style of design. Also, the sub-goals such as understanding the beliefs and matching the obtained information with the imperial buildings of Beijing city. The method of this research is of the type of interpretative systems, qualitative and based on the "logical reasoning method". The information of this research was collected based on library documents, field visits, and software analysis. In the review section of the research, obtaining detailed and comparative information about Chinese architecture and gardening, and measuring the effective components, and examining these components in the imperial buildings of Beijing, it has led to the detailed formulation of the structural components of traditional Chinese architecture and gardening. The components of traditional Chinese architecture and gardening were formed based on two physical and semantic axes. But these two forming axes interacted with each other and all the components were formed based on this interaction. Confucian, Taoist, and Buddhist beliefs are the basis of the formation of traditional Chinese architecture and garden thinking, which is clearly expressed in the communication structure of these collections. Traditional Chinese architecture and gardening is a type of architecture with the crystallization of physical-semantic and lasting values of ancient Chinese people's relationship with nature and values derived from Feng Shui, Taoism, and Buddhism. With the help of construction tools such as plants, water, stone, and building materials, it has displayed a special identity of the Chinese people in conceptual and semantic layers.

Walnut is an important economic and commercial product all over the world. The smell can be one of the key factors in determining the ripening time of the fruit and it depends on the content of the chemical compounds of the fruit and its skin. Crunchyness and easy peeling are the main features that affect the level of satisfaction of walnut consumers.The complexity of food odor makes it difficult to analyze them with conventional analytical techniques such as gas chromatography. However, sensory analysis by experts is a costly process and requires trained people who can only work for a relatively short period of time. Problems such as the human subjectivity of the response to smell and the variation between people should also be considered. Hence, there is a need for a tool such as an electronic nose with high sensitivity and correlation with human sensory panel data for specific applications in food control. Due to its easy construction, cheapness and the need for little time for analysis, the electronic nose is becoming an automatic non-destructive method to describe the smell of food.An olfactory machine can recognize the fragrance composition by estimating its concentration or determining some of its intrinsic properties, which the human nose is hardly able to do. In general, the human olfactory system is a five-step process including smelling, receiving the scent, evaluating, detecting and erasing the effect of the scent. The olfactory phenomenon begins with inhaling the intended smell and ends with breathing fresh air to remove the effect of the scent. The human olfactory system, with all its unique capabilities, also has disadvantages that limit its use in quality control processes, including subjectivity, low reproducibility (for example, results depending on time, people's health, analysis before the presence of odor and fatigue is variable), time-consuming, high labor cost, adaptation of people (less sensitivity when exposed to odor for a long time). In addition, it cannot be used to evaluate dangerous odors.The purpose of this research was to evaluate the ability of the electronic nose using chemometrics methods to detect the ripening time of walnuts with the help of its volatile compounds during the ripening period.

In each process of investigation (including 5 courses and intervals were determined as one week), premature walnut samples plus its ripe samples (in the last period) from one of the gardens around Ardebil (located in the village September) It was prepared and with an electronic data nose.In this study, the electronic nose was made in the Biosystem Engineering Department of Mohaghegh Ardebili University. The device uses 9 metal oxide semiconductor sensors (MOS) with low power consumption. The data is that the clean air was first passed through the sensor chamber for 150 seconds to clean the sensors from the smell and other gases. The sample smell was then sucked for 150 seconds by the pump from the sample chamber and directed to the sensors, and finally, clean air was injected into the sensor chamber for 150 seconds to prepare the device for recurring and subsequent tests. 20 repetitions are intended for each sample. During the above steps, the output voltage of the sensors was changed due to exposure to gases emitted from the sample (walnut aroma) and their smell response was collected and recorded by data collection cards.The Chemometrics method in this study will begin with the analysis of the main components (PCA) to discover the sensor output response and reduce the data dimension. The next step is to classify the time of walnut proceedings using artificial neural network analysis (ANN).

The scores chart (Figure 2) showed the total variance of the total data to PC-1 (98%) and PC-2 (1%), respectively, and the first two main components make up 99%of the total variance of normal data. When the total variance is above 90 %, it means that the first two PCSs are sufficient to explain the total variance. So it can be concluded that E-nose has a good response to peach smell and can be distinguished from peach figures, which indicates the high accuracy of the electronic nose in identifying the smell of different products. These results are highly compatible with the results obtained by XU et al., In a study conducted on class 6 rice digits, the PCA method was 99.5% accurate. The artificial neural network method was also used to identify and differentiate peaches based on the output of the sensors. The results of the diagnosis of walnut proceedings were obtained by 99% (Figure 3), which was the same as the PCA method.Aimin Li and colleagues, using an electronic nose with GC-MS tests, identified Chinese maca (MacA) at macroscopic and microscopic levels, concluding that there was a direct relationship between the Maca smell and chemical compounds (LI ET AL, 2019). Min Yee Lim and colleagues also achieved good results with the PCA method (Lim et al, 2020). They used the electronic nose to grade the quality of the Chinese commercial mum and were able to classify their quality with 94.3% accuracy, with the results of their PCA method in accordance with our research results. Arun Jana et al. (Jana et al, 2011) also used the olfactory machine with Ann, PCA and LDA to detect aromatic and non-aromatic rice, with the accuracy of the results used for the methods used, respectively: 93%, 96.5% and 80%. The results of our research were far more accurate than this study, which could be due to the presence of different volatile compounds in grape leaves.In this study, an olfactory machine with 9 metal oxide sensors was used to handle walnuts using their smell. Chemometrics, including PCA and ANN, were used for qualitative and quantitative data analysis of electronic sensor arrays. PCA was used to reduce data and, with two main components of PC1 and PC2, described 99% of the variance of the data set and provided an initial classification, as well as the artificial neural network capable of identifying and accurately classifying grape figures with grape cultivars the accuracy was 99%. The olfactory machine has the ability to use and operate as a rapid and non -destructive way to detect walnuts from their smell. Using this method will be very useful in identifying proper harvesting time for gardeners and manufacturers, especially processing units and food industries.

Urban elements (memorials) play an important role in the process of forming, changing and reproducing urban identity. In today's conditions, where the identity of cities is undergoing changes with great speed, the position of urban elements as elements of the city's identity doubles. In the past, the Iranian city had a special personality and identity, while in the current situation, it is moving towards the diminution of its identity. Inadequate attention of the creators of urban spaces and elements to the concept of beauty, along with the prevalence of mercantile spirit in many urban activities, including constructions, causes this problem to emerge and intensify. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of public art in enhancing the identity of urban spaces from the perspective of women in Ardabil city. This research is applied in terms of nature and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The data needed in this study were collected through field and library methods. The statistical population of the research is women (experts and non-experts in art, architecture) in Ardabil city. which is done by simple random sampling method. Spss software and statistical test (one-sample t) were used for data analysis. The research results show. Among the average questions, the questions related to famous statues have the highest score with (4.16) percent and cultural-local statues with an average of (3.96), as well as the variables (promoting creativity and helping to strengthen the local economy). with an average of 4.27, they have the highest frequency. From the point of view of women, the creation of public arts in Ardabil city will give identity and increase the creativity of citizens and the prosperity of the local economy by attracting tourism to the city. Therefore, urban managers can increase the quality of urban spaces and the quality and vitality of citizens, especially the women of the city, who are half of the society, by planning and designing urban elements based on history and culture, as well as based on visual beauty in the city.

The ecology of the Earth is changing drastically due to the excessive use of energy and its inadequate basket. These changes have severely influenced the world, leading to certain changes, such as the melting of polar ice caps, rising water levels, forest fires, and the increase in hurricanes and tornadoes on Earth. These environmental disasters should be rooted in the developments resulting from the industrial revolution, the launch of industrial systems instead of traditional systems, and changes in the method of utilization. In the early 1970s, these developments caused the energy crisis set alarm bells ringing, exposing the world to two major crises, viz. limited fossil fuel resources and increasing environmental pollution. Since then, the main concerns have been economic development and access to alternative sources because all countries are facing energy shortages and resource problems, particularly fossil fuels, in view of global energy. The growing trend of energy consumption, particularly oil, is ongoing around the world. Despite all the extensive research and investment in alternative and renewable energy sources worldwide, oil and gas consumption has been in the first place in recent years, and the economic dependence of countries on oil and gas supply is on the rise. Currently, extensive efforts are ongoing worldwide to replace new energy sources, and good results have so far been achieved for the appropriate use of energy forms. In the present world, energy is generally found in three main forms of fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewable energy.

This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology, an applied study in terms of targeting, and a library-documentary study in the method of data collection. During the study process, the following goals are pursued in this article:• Understanding energy consumption in the world Description of energy consumption and its impact on air pollution  The need to use nuclear energy in Iran The energy crisis has persuaded all countries in the world to reduce energy consumption and find new sources to meet their needs (Mousavi et al., 2017). The Paris Agreement is one of the commitments concluded to prevent the increase of greenhouse gas emissions and the resulting temperature rise. According to the agreement, signed by more than 160 countries, the increase in global average temperature should be limited to less than 2 °C compared to the level before industrialization, and global warming should be limited to 1.5 °C (Dong et al., 2018).According to forecasts, energy consumption in Iran will increase to 10 million barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) per day in 2025. The average annual growth of energy consumption in Iran has been about 5.5% in the last 10 years and, if this trend continues by 2025, the energy consumption in the country will reach 3752 million BOE. In that case, the crude oil exports of Iran will reach zero based on the current state of production. Iran was the fifth largest producer of crude oil in OPEC in 2020 and the third largest producer of natural gas in the world in 2019 (Steamers, 2017). Nuclear energy Nuclear energy cannot be considered a source of renewable or perishable energy. Although its reserves are so large that will not deplete in the predictable future, the fact is that its reserves will decline with the gradual use of nuclear energy and deterioration due to radioactivity, eventually being exhausted the same as fossil energy sources. Nuclear energy is important regarding the supply of global energy and low environmental degradation compared to fossil fuels. The majority of accidents at nuclear power plants have resulted from operational malfunctions or insufficient preventive safety tools, hence, both factors are being seriously and effectively addressed in ongoing research. Therefore, it can be predicted that a substantial part of the required global energy in the future will be supplied by nuclear energy (Evins, 2013).With some of the largest proven oil and natural gas reserves in the world, Iran is ranked as the third and second largest possessor of oil and natural gas, respectively, in the world in 2020. At the end of 2020, oil reserves in Iran accounted for 25% and 12% of those in the Middle East and the world, respectively (Vijayalakshmi, 2018).Since the cost of fuel required by a nuclear power plant is 10% of that in a similar fossil power plant, and given a 50-year lifetime of a nuclear power plant, the difference in cost amounts more than billions of dollars based on the current prices. As with other countries in the world, population growth is on the rise in Iran and is dependent on energy to develop the level of social welfare. On the other hand, in an era faced with the development of cities and metropolises, Iran needs to save its oil resources for future generations due to the need for development in parallel with other countries in the world. Instead of consuming and selling existing sources, they should be utilized in important manufacturing sectors and the petrochemical industry. Therefore, it is necessary to achieve an appropriate alternative source with the centralization ability, especially in metropolitan areas, and the possibility of replacement in terms of environmental health and economic development because there is the need for more energy in the current world and, consequently, in our country. On the other hand, the increase in the cost of fossil fuels and their impact has led to global warming and the development of environmental pollution. Therefore, nuclear energy is also an appropriate source of energy supply in our country considering the aspects and effective factors in the use of nuclear energy in first world countries. Additionally, the geographical location of Iran and the potential capabilities of its natural resources make the use of nuclear energy a positive and fruitful step towards environmental sustainability and no use of non-renewable energy because its use can be controlled for environmental protection, with an abundant and degradable primary source. As with other energy sources, nuclear fuels have destructive environmental effects during uranium mining and nuclear waste disposal but are not comparable to fossil fuels, and power generation from nuclear power plants lacks the pollution of existing power plants. Moreover, another feature of this type of energy is the lack of greenhouse gas emissions.

The increasing growth rate of world population, industrialization, and the emergence of various technologies led to the increased energy demand and prediction of limited and important resources of oil and gas as well as their excessive consumption. This has made the process of energy achievement and its conversion methods one of the most important issues in political, economic, and social life dimensions to the extent that it has affected the daily lives of individuals, families, countries, international policies, and national/international development plans. Nowadays, the need for survival and global development depends on energy production and consumption. On the other hand, energy statistics indicate that two important issues coincide with increasing human demand for energy in the world and Iran. The first is the increased demand for energy given the deficiency of existing sources, and the second is the increase in environmental pollution by the use of current energy sources. To fulfill these needs, humans seek a logical solution to respond positively to environmental friendliness through profit-making and utilization in economic dimensions. Man has so far achieved nuclear energy with numerous efforts. In the current developing world, man can satisfactorily take advantage of nuclear energy instead of traditional sources and methods and fossil fuels. Nowadays, humans know that they can properly and sustainably exploit this environmentally friendly energy. Meanwhile, our country can save its oil resources for future generations and, simultaneously, benefit from using those resources in the prosperity and development of mother industries such as petrochemistry. The replacement of fossil fuels with nuclear energy alongside other renewable energy sources can provide the best economic and environmental benefits, particularly in power generation, by using climatic and regional capabilities as well as specialized manpower in line with global development.

Cities are complex and interdependent systems that are vulnerable to threats caused by natural and human disasters (Zarghami et al., 2016: 78). At the beginning of the 21st century, the world witnessed great natural and unnatural disasters (Sheikh Darani, 2017: 10). Geographically, Iran is one of the ten most prone and vulnerable countries to natural disasters in the world (Mohammadifar et al., 2020: 178) and it is the sixth earthquake-prone country in the world. It is the cause of the most human casualties and the seismic belt covers 90% of our country's soil (Negaresh, 2014: 93). Natural disasters in the world have always been considered as a big challenge in the way of sustainable development, and as a result, ways to achieve this development through models of vulnerability reduction have become necessary. Therefore, reducing the risk of accidents is of particular importance (Rezaei, 2009: 4). With the passage of time, in many countries of the world, the approach of resilience in the planning hierarchy of crisis management, including the regional scale, has received more attention (Brenner, 2004: 173). However, the reduction of vulnerability and risk is often neglected until after an accident -)Ainuddin & Routray, 2012: 27). Creating a resilient city against natural disasters is done in three stages, before the disaster, response to the disaster during the disaster and after the disaster (Karlinsky& Sarah, 2010: 6(, therefore, analysis and reduction of exposure. Being exposed to natural hazards today has become an important and widespread goal in crisis planning and management (Bazdar et al., 2019: 198) The city of Kermanshah is located between the high and folded Zagros and is surrounded by the northern and southern faults (Negaresh, 2014: 99). If the growth and development of cities takes place without any planning and there is no plan to reduce vulnerability and increase people's abilities to face the risks caused by natural disasters, many cities will be exposed to serious damage from These disasters will be placed. Therefore, it is necessary to plan in order to increase urban resilience (Kalantari et al., 2021: 230). The main goal of this research is to evaluate the social resilience components of the city against earthquakes in Kermanshah metropolis and provide effective solutions in this field. The ranking status of the regions of Kermanshah according to four indicators; What is awareness and knowledge, skill, attitude and social capital?

The present research method is of applied type and in terms of descriptive-survey method. The statistical population is the citizens of Kermanshah city, 385 people were selected as a statistical sample using Cochran's formula. To collect information from a questionnaire containing questions about social resilience indicators; It includes four indicators, awareness and knowledge, skill, attitude and social capital (questionnaire used by Dr. Rezaei 2010) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.79, which indicates the good reliability of the questionnaire. In this research, Mabak model was used to analyze the data and ArcGIS software was used to display the output results as a map.

With the passage of time, in many countries of the world, the approach of resilience in the hierarchy of crisis management planning, including the regional scale, has received more attention. The city of Kermanshah due to being located on the path of faults, needs attention in the discussion about resilience. The main goal of this research is to evaluate the components of social resilience of the city against earthquakes in Kermanshah metropolis, and according to the goal, to answer the question of ranking the regions of Kermanshah city according to four indicators; It is awareness and knowledge, skill, attitude and social capital. The current research is of applied type and in terms of descriptive-survey method. The Mabak model was used to analyze the data. In response to the question; The ranking status of the regions of Kermanshah according to four indicators; What is awareness and knowledge, skill, attitude and social capital? The results of the Mabak model in the awareness and knowledge index show that region seven ranks first, region five ranks second, region one ranks third, region eight ranks fourth, region six ranks fifth, region four ranks sixth, region Three are in the seventh place and region two is in the eighth place. In the skill index, it shows that region eight ranks first, region seven ranks second, region one ranks third, regions two and six rank fourth, region three ranks fifth, region five ranks sixth, region four ranks They are ranked seventh. In the attitude index, it shows that the fourth region ranks first, the eighth region ranks second, the seventh region ranks third, region six ranks fourth, region three ranks fifth, region one ranks sixth, region five ranks seventh and Region two is ranked eighth. In the social capital index, it shows that region three ranks first, region six ranks second, region seven ranks third, region two ranks fourth, regions four and eight rank fifth, region five ranks sixth, and region one ranks They are ranked seventh. generally; Natural disasters in the world have always been considered as a big challenge in the way of sustainable development, and as a result, ways to achieve this development through models of vulnerability reduction have become necessary. Therefore, reducing the risk of accidents is of particular importance. If this growth and development of cities takes place without any planning and there is no plan to reduce vulnerability and increase people's abilities to face the risks caused by natural disasters, according to the results of the research, the following solutions It is suggested:- Encouraging residents to participate in earthquake awareness training courses
- Implementation of earthquake crisis management plans at the neighborhood level
- Creation of neighborhood aid groups
- Teaching reactions and how to behave properly during an earthquake
- Teaching safety methods against earthquakes
- Encouraging residents to participate in neighborhood affairs
- Increasing people's knowledge about earthquake risk
- Creating a sense of trust among citizens
- Creating a suitable environment for more interaction of citizens
- Holding crisis management course classes.

Salinity is one of the most important problems of abiotic stress in plants, which prevents seed germination, seedling growth and productivity reduction. Germination is a complex phenomenon that includes physiological and biochemical changes that are the result of embryo activity. Salinity is one of the most important environmental factors that reduce the growth and performance of plants and is a state of soil characterized by a high concentration of soluble salts. Studies on the effect of salinity have shown that in many plants, with an increase in salt concentration, germination indicators decrease and plant growth decreases. Germination is the first and most sensitive stage of plant growth and development, in addition to that, the uniformity of germination, the average time of germination and greening are also important parameters of seed quality. One of the studied species is woolly grass (Bromus tomenolus Boiss.), a perennial and stable plant, very palatable, strong and permanent with dense and many roots, which often grows in cold semi-arid climates and is one of the best mountain wheats for breeding and development. Summer meadows are considered. This plant prefers shallow to deep soils, light to medium texture, without salt and alkali. Persian clover (T. resupinatum) belonging to the genus Trifolium is one of the most important fodder plants of the Leguminous family in temperate and humid regions, which has great value as fodder and pasture and plays a significant role in livestock nutrition. The main factor that effects on plant growth in arid and semiarid areas is salinity. In view of saline lands increasing in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran, is necessary finding the potential of plant species due to soil salinity changes in different climates

The first habitat is the north-eastern summer pastures of Harsin city, Kermanshah, whose average altitude is 2000 meters above sea level. The long-term average rainfall is 369 mm, and the climate of the semi-arid region is ultra-cold. The second habitat is a part of Golugah pastures located in Mazandaran province. Its maximum height is 2650 and minimum 2150 from the sea level and the average slope is about 25%. Its average annual rainfall is 383 mm, the highest amount in autumn and the lowest amount in summer. Its average annual temperature is 12.44 degrees Celsius. The climate of the semi-arid region is cold with mild summers and cold winters. In order to determine the resistance of the early growth stages of these species under different salinity stresses, an experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with 10 replications and 6 treatments. In order to create salinity stress, sodium chloride (NaCl) solution was used at zero (control), 50, 150, 25, 350 and 450 mM levels. Before placing the seeds in the Petri dish, they were disinfected by placing them in 5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 3 minutes and then washed with distilled water. 20 seeds were placed in each petri dish covered by filter paper. Salinity treatments were investigated for 20 days in laboratory conditions at 25°C with light conditions of 14 hours a day and 10 hours at night. During 20 days, the number of germinated seeds was counted every day, and at the end, characteristics such as the percentage and speed of germination, the length of root and plant were measured. In order to calculate the average length of roots and plants in each Petri dish, measurements were made and the average number was recorded So, this research was studied the effect of salinity levels on germination properties of Bromus tomentellus and Trifolium resopinatom in two different habitats, Mazandaran and Kermanshah. For this, collected seeds of these species were grown in laboratory. 20 seeds were tested in Petri dish under salinity stress as control, 50, 150, 250, 350, 450 MM and germination percentage, germination speed, rootlet, seedling were measured.

The T-test was used for determination of mean difference between two species in SPSS 22 software. The result showed that seeds of Tr. resopinatom in Kermanshah have more resistant to this species in Mazandaran and the Br. tomentellus seeds were in the opposite. In the studied treatments Br. Tomentellus seeds of Mazandaran had more resistant and Tr. Resupinatum had less tolerance to salinity.The results of the average of all three factors measured for Pashmeki grass and Iranian clover species in both regions showed that the highest amount of factors is present in the control treatment and with increasing salinity concentrations, germination percentage, germination speed and root length What is reduced? They stated that high salinity stops germination, growth of roots and stems. The reason for this is the physical and chemical effects or the toxic-osmotic effects of the solutes in the saline solution. In fact, with the increase in the salinity of the environment, the osmotic pressure (the osmotic potential becomes more negative) increases, which causes the disruption of the seed dehydration stage, and on the other hand, the presence of a high concentration of anions and cations (especially sodium and chlorine) in the environment, with Causing poisoning in seeds prevents seed germination. Considering that the climate of the two seed collection areas is different, it seems that plant seeds are affected by the climatic conditions of the origin region, he also stated that tolerance to salinity, in addition to the physiological complexities and structure of plants, depends on various factors such as temperature. It depends on the environment, plant growth stage, soil and water composition, environmental variables and plant variety. stated that the natural conditions of the habitat are effective on the growth and germination of different species, therefore, the different results of the studied parameters in different habitats can be justified.Considering that some studies stated that the germination tolerance of plant species in saline environments under laboratory conditions is not necessarily the same as the response to salinity under field conditions; Therefore, it is suggested that the studied species should be cultivated under free environmental conditions to be able to introduce their seeds for the restoration of a specific area in principled decision-making.

Heat waves are one of the most dangerous climate threats associated with global warming, affecting society, economy and environment today, one of the most important concerns from climatic hazards is the occurrence of heat waves, which widely affects human societies. The occurrence and intensity of heat waves have increased throughout the world in recent years. (Ding et al., 2006). An increase in average temperature can lead to hotter days and longer and more frequent heat waves. This, in turn, can cause an increase in heat-related diseases such as heatstroke, heat cramps, heat weakness, and even in advanced cases to die (Haidari et al., 2016). The stagnant atmospheric conditions resulting from heat waves trap pollutants in urban areas, and with the addition of the severe stress of toxic pollutants to the dangerous stress of hot air, it creates a large-scale environmental problem. Also, at night or in winter, the presence of cold air above causes the warmer air layer below it to remain constant along with the dust layer (Almusaed, 2011). Weather and its consequences during the next decades and centuries, the use of coupled atmosphere-ocean models has been considered. These modes are well-known tools for studying the future climate (Xu, 1999). These models are able to model climate variables for a long period using different scenarios (Abbasi et al., 2019).Therefore the purpose of this study is Identification and analysis of heat waves in Tabriz and Ardabil cities and its prediction with CanEsm2 climate model scenarios

In the present study to identify heat waves in Tabriz and Ardabil cites, Maximum daily temperature data of synoptic station of two studied cities, from 2003 to 2018, were obtained from the Meteorological Organization and then SDSM software and CanESM2 model and three RCP scenarios (2.6, 4.5 and 8.5) were used. Then using error measurement indicators maximum temperature was predicted and then the lowest risk scenario was selected for each city and the based on that scenario and using the Fumiaki index and through programming in MATLAB software, Days that had temperatures above +2 standard deviation or above average (NTD) and these conditions lasted for at least two days, were identified and selected as the day with heat waves. The Fumiaki index is obtained by relation 1:(1 Where T (i, j, n) temperature of day i th from month j th in year n th, the average temperature of day i from month j. To eliminate the noise in the mean, a 9-day moving average filter was performed on these data three times and calculated by the following equation (Fujibi et al., 2007; Ismail Nejad et al. 2014). (2 Where ∆T= (i, j, n) absolute deviation of temperature from the average on day j th of the month i th, in year n th compared to the average temperature of the same day. In order to the values of temperature deviation of different times and places to be comparable at a certain time and place, it is necessary to standardize these absolute values of temperature deviation by means of temperature diffraction. Like day-to-day changes, diffuse T∆ at 30 days for each day is calculated by the following equation:(3 The value is the average temperature deviation in 30 days that is calculated by the following equation:(4 Finally, (NTD) is calculated by the following equation:(5 Where .Then days with temperatures +2 above average (NTD) and lasting at least two days, were selected as the day with the HW. (Ismail Nejad et al, 2014). Equation 6:(6 2 ≥ NTD (i+p) NTD (i+p-1) ≥ 2, NTD (i-1), NTD (i+1)… NTD (i), To evaluate the ability of CanESM2 model scenarios to predict the average maximum temperature for the next 31 years, the outputs of each scenario are averaged by the absolute error values (MAD), mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE) were compared and the most accurate and least error scenario was selected. Equation 7, 8, 9. (7 (8 (9

According to the presented results, during the recent decades, with the discussion of climate change, climate events, including the risk of heat waves, occur abundantly. Based on the results of the present research, heat waves during the past 16 years (2003-2018) in both cities of Ardabil and Tabriz were short-term and lasted for a maximum of 4 days, which occurred in December. According to the findings, in the next 30 years, as in the previous period, in both Tabriz and Ardabil, the maximum duration of the heat wave was predicted to be 4 days in Ardabil and 5 days in Tabriz. In terms of seasonal distribution, heat wave showed more frequency in both periods in spring and autumn. By comparing the duration of heat waves in the base period of 16 years with the predicted 30 years, it was concluded that in both periods and in both cities, heat waves with a duration of 2 days were more frequent. According to the results in Ardabil city, the continuation of heat waves is not much different compared to the base period, but it will increase in Tabriz city. Also, the maximum temperature in both stations will increase, and the highest increase will be in Tabriz. Since the maximum temperature also showed an increasing trend in both stations. Therefore, we can say that due to the frequent and continuous occurrence of heat waves and temperature increase, especially in the cold months of the year, early flowering and germination of agricultural and garden crops may occur, which is the result of the occurrence of late spring cold. After a heat wave, if there is no crisis management and insufficient information of farmers and horticulturists, we will see heavy damage to the agricultural economy in the study area. In addition, due to the tropical nature of the studied cities, the increase in temperature will definitely disturb the living comfort of the residents. Therefore, it is necessary to think about the necessary measures to deal with the negative effects caused by the increase in temperature. The findings of the present research, in the sense that heat waves will increase in the coming years and the most frequent heat waves will be two and three day waves and will often be more frequent in the cold seasons of the year. The opinions of most researchers were consistent.

Pollution of rivers is one of the important issues related to the environment, which can directly and indirectly affect the health of people, animals and plants that feed on it . Also, rivers are always exposed to various pollutions as one of the fresh water supply sources. The decline in the quality of river water and other surface water sources, due to the entry of industrial and agricultural wastewater, wastewater from treatment plants, the discharge of waste and waste materials in aquifers, has caused an increase in concern about the quality of river water and surface water sources . According to the reasons given, checking the quality of river water is of great importance .

The river studied in this article, the Chalus River, is located in the west of Mazandaran province and originates from the northern slopes of the Kandavan and Taleghan highlands, and flows into the Caspian Sea after traveling about 85 kilometers along the Chalus near Deh Farajabad . This river is called as one of the most important rivers of Iran and it is widely used for agricultural, industrial and urban purposes. This river is also used as a recreational center. For water quality assessment, three stations along this river have been considered for sampling different water quality parameters, the station (ST1) is located upstream of the river due to low human activity. The station (ST2) with more agricultural land and less residential areas is in the middle part of the river and the city of Marzan Abad . Finally, the station (ST3) is located at the end of the river and in the city of Chalus, which has more residential areas than Marzanabad. The investigated parameters include water quality parameters (temperature, PH , electrical conductivity, dissolved solids, suspended solids, turbidity and salinity), oxygen supply (dissolved oxygen, BOD and COD), nutrients (N-NH3, N-NO3 and P -PO4) and faecal coliform. The water quality indicators in this study are the NSFWQI and IRWQIsc water quality indicators, which determine the water quality status by using each of the above parameters and weighting them. By examining the measured qualitative parameters , it is possible to comment on the current state of the river .

According to the results, the optimal range of pH according to Iran's quality standard is 9-5.6, this range in the samples taken from Chalus River was around 7-8 and the pH level does not harm the water quality. The amount of DO varies depending on the concentration of dissolved salts in the water and the biological actions in the water and the temperature of the water. The values of DO varied between 3-11 mg/l , which according to the standard should be more than 5 mg/l . Also, this range of wide changes means that the organic matter in the water in the downstream has increased greatly , which caused a large decrease in dissolved oxygen.The amount of faecal coliform, due to the significant increase of this parameter in the third station, which is located after passing through the city , shows that the urban sewage discharged into the river was not at an acceptable level and caused a significant decrease in water quality . According to the standard regulations, the level of turbidity is equal to 5, and the high level of turbidity in this river can be the result of human activities, such as the extraction of river sand . The obtained results indicate that the quality of river water in ST1 station is suitable and the quality parameters collected in this station are within the range of drinking water standards.But after the first station, when we move to the downstream side of the river, due to the increase in human activities such as road construction on the banks of the river, the entry of agricultural effluents (including dangerous mineral and organic substances, as well as agricultural toxins containing heavy elements dangerous for nature and living beings), Industrial and urban wastewaters greatly reduce the quality of river water.Also, at the time of the study, operations such as sand extraction and removal of the riverbed were carried out, which affected parameters such as turbidity and suspended particles in the water. Finally, by examining the available results, it was concluded that factors such as urban sewage, septic tank, natural and artificial fertilizers in agriculture, soil structure, runoff and stone pebbles in the basin are among the factors of spreading pollution in this river . Also, by examining the quality indicators, the results showed that the NSFWQI index was more strict than the IRWQIsc in checking river water quality . One of the reasons is the difference in the weighting of different parameters in each criterion, for example, in the IRWQIsc index, the highest weighting value was for BOD5, while the weight of this parameter is less in NSFWQI, and in this index, more attention is paid to PH compared to It has become the previous index and has a higher weighting. Among other influencing factors in the difference of this index, we can note that the number of parameters in these two indices are different .The NSFWQI index recognizes the temperature parameter as an influential factor in determining the quality status of the river , while this parameter is not evaluated in the IRWQISC . But in the IRWQISC index, parameters such as electrical conductivity, concentration of total organic substances soluble in water (COD) and ammonium increased the accuracy of water quality assessment. Among the other points that have been examined is the difference in the quality of the river water in different seasons of the year , which according to the data in tables 5 and 6, we understand that the most polluted time of the river was in spring and summer, where this place is also considered as a recreational center. Also, agriculture is at the peak of activity , so that even in station ST1 there is more pollution than the same station in other seasons.

Tourist attractions play a decisive role in the potential position of tourism in each region. Countless factors play a role in the development of tourism, and the relationship and interaction between them shapes the development of tourism. The stratification of tourist destinations is used as a strategy to reduce regional and territorial imbalances. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of the cities of Ilam province in terms of tourism development indicators. The research is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Its community is the cities of Ilam province. The required data was collected from the statistical yearbook of Ilam province and the data was analyzed using the SAW model. The results show that Malekshahi city is the only relatively efficient city with a rate of 0.70 and in the first place. the cities of Mehran, Darehshahr, Chardavel, Dehloran, Sirvan, Ilam, Abdanan and Ivan are semi-productive and respectively in The The second to ninth ranks and the city of Badra are deprived with a rate of 0.21 and are in the last rank.

Potato is an important vegetable that grows all over the world and is considered as an important product in developing and developed countries for the human diet as a source of carbohydrates, proteins, and vitamins. This product is native to South America and its origin is from Peru, and after wheat, rice and corn, it is the fourth product in the food basket of human societies. According to the statistics of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the area under cultivation of this crop in Iran in 2017 was 161 thousand hectares and the crop harvested from this area is about 5.1 million tons. Traditional methods of determining potato varieties were based more on morphological features, but with the production of new products, there was a need for methods that were faster and more recognizable. Meanwhile, the high-performance artificial neural network can be used to classify cultivars. An artificial neural network can classify and detect cultivars, is flexible and is used in most agricultural products. Azizi conducted a study on 120 potatoes in 10 different cultivars using a visual and image processing machine with a MATLAB R2012 software toolbox to detect texture, shape parameters and potato cultivars. First, potato cultivars were classified use the ng LDA method, which obtained 66.7% accuracy. This method also erred in distinguishing the two cultivars Agria and Savalan and also classified the two cultivars Fontane and Satina in other classes. They also used artificial neural networks to classify potato cultivars, in which the network was 82.41% accurate with one hidden layer and 100% accurate with two hidden layers. In this study, it was found that different types of potatoes can be identified and identified with a very high level of accuracy using the three color characteristics, textural and morphological features extracted by the visual machine and the use of a non-linear classifier artificial neural network. Categorized.In another study that was conducted using neural networks and image processing on 5 sweet potato cultivars, the researchers showed that this method was successful and could classify sweet potato cultivars with 100% accuracy.By determining and examining the existing relations between the force and the deformation of agricultural products up to the point of surrender, the range of forces harmful to fruit can be determined so that harvesting and transportation machines are designed in such a way that the forces from them do not exceed this range. On the other hand, one of the ways to determine the degree of ripeness of the fruit is to touch and press it with the thumb, which is an experimental way and depends on the skill of the person touching it. The mechanical penetration test of the fruit can be an indicator to check the ripeness of the fruit by quantifying this diagnosis and using this diagnosis to determine the optimal harvest time.Several types of research have been conducted on the physical and mechanical properties of agricultural products in Iran and other countries. In a research conducted by Ali Mohammadi and Rasakh to determine some mechanical properties of lime fruit under quasi-static loading, the results showed that the effect of loading speed, loading direction and size of a lime on the breaking force of lime is significant. As the size of the lemon decreases, the breaking force and deformation decrease, and also with increasing loading speed, the braking force increases. In another research conducted by Mohd Nejad and Khosdada, the effect of size, speed and direction of loading on the mechanical properties of lime was investigated and the results showed that the interaction of loading speed and size on fracture energy and toughness and the main effects of size, loading speed and The loading direction is significant on the modulus of elasticity, but none of the effects on the rupture force is significant.

First, potatoes in 5 different varieties (Agria, Esprit, Sante, Marfona and Jelli) were prepared at Ardabil Agricultural Research Center and stored at 4-10 degrees Celsius. One day after preparing the varieties, 21 samples of each potato variety were prepared using a cutting cylinder and then data collection was done. The data collection included mechanical properties.To determine the toughness of the samples, the santam machine available in the mechanical properties laboratory of the biosystem engineering department of Mohaghegh Ardabili University was used. Each potato variety was subjected to a compressive force at three loading speed levels of 10, 40 and 70 mm/min and with 7 repetitions. Then, using the amount of braking force, deformation and sample volume, the toughness was calculated according to equation (1).
These experiments were carried out in 5 storage periods (at 2-week intervals).

The toughness of different cultivars showed different behavior during the storage period so no changes were observed in the Marfona cultivar for toughness during the storage period, and in the Sante cultivar, the toughness level was almost the same at the beginning and end of the period and only in the middle of the storage period the value There was a slight increase. But in the case of Agria, Sprit and Jali cultivars, it should be said that the changes in toughness do not follow a specific trend and are unpredictable. Also, according to Figure 3, it is quite clear that in all figures, the lower the loading speed, the greater the toughness obtained, and the reason for this is that at a lower loading speed, the breaking force occurs in high values. Falls, and as a result, according to relation 1, the toughness value also increases.According to Figure 3, during the storage period, the two varieties of Jelli and Marfona (especially the Marfona variety) did not change much in terms of toughness and considering this issue, it is recommended to use these two varieties for some purposes, including frying.In this research, firmness was calculated for 5 different varieties of potatoes in 5 storage periods using the santam machine available at Mohaghegh Ardabili University and with the help of equation 1. The results showed that Jali and Marfona cultivars maintained their firmness during the storage period, and hence they are recommended for uses such as chips.

Cauliflower is a very healthy vegetable that is an important source of nutrients that is naturally rich in fiber and B vitamins. It provides antioxidants and phytonutrients that can protect against cancer. It also contains fiber for weight loss and digestion, choline, which is essential for learning and memory, and many other important nutrients. Factors such as lack of nutrients, weather conditions and diseases cause the growth of cauliflower to be accompanied by problems. Cauliflower contains various plant pathology diseases; but the traditional method for identifying diseased cabbages and separating them is tedious and time-consuming, so they can be identified in the shortest possible time using imaging techniques and artificial neural networks. The purpose of this research is to categorize cauliflower into 4 healthy groups, infected with powdery mildew, black rot and bacterial soft rot using LeNet image processing and deep learning techniques. First, a total of 655 color images including the mentioned 4 classes were prepared. 70% of the data was considered for model training. The results showed that the model was able to identify healthy cauliflowers, cauliflowers infected with black rot and powdery mildew with 100% accuracy. Cauliflower infected with bacterial soft rot could be identified with 99% accuracy.

Todays One of the important environmental challenges is excessive production of municipal waste and its management. In a world that is moving towards a future with an urbanization approach , the growth rate of urban waste production as an important by - product in urbanization is increasing more than the growth rate of urbanization . The negative effects caused by the lack of sanitary management of wastes put the health of humans and other living beings at risk. Action must be taken to solve this problem , otherwise we will face environmental problems in the not too distant future. Due to the fact that the cost of burying solid waste materials is increasing and the suitable land for burial is limited, recycling is an effective option instead of burying. Recycling and processing is the second priority in the hierarchy of urban waste management. In MRFs , by separating waste and compressing waste , leachate collection and purification is done , as a result , it will play an important role in reducing production leachate. The purpose of this research is to investigate the feasibility of building processing and recycling facilities in the proposed location , which is south of the ring road from Sarpol Zahab to Qasr Shirin in Kermanshah province.

The research method is descriptive - analytical and it was carried out using Iranian matrix or modified Leopold based on library studies , field visits and interviews with experts . The advantage of using Iranian or modified Leopold matrix compared to other methods is that it is a quantitative method and even if the evaluator is inexperienced and incorrectly values a parameter , due to the averaging of all parameters , that error can be adjusted to a large extent. and it does not create a problem in the whole conclusion. Based on the studies carried out in the project's knowledge sections and the environmental characteristics of the studied area, the potential of various types of environmental effects resulting from the implementation of the construction project of urban waste processing and recycling facilities , separated by the construction phase and operation on the physical and chemical , biological and socio-economic environments , were scored and predicted using the modified Leopold matrix . The Iranian Leopold matrix , considering the effects of project implementation in both the construction and operation phases on the environmental components , are applied methods for environmental impact assessment which is the average initial score in the Iranian Leopold matrix . Then the average of four environmental components was calculated. Finally , the final score is calculated with the sum of the scores in the construction and operational phases.

The findings from the Iranian Leopold matrix show that in the construction phase , the most negative effects are related to the creation of the access road , to access the site, an access road of about 1. 5 km from Sarpol Zahab road to Qasr Shirin should be created , this operation causes changes in the natural shape of the land , these changes are associated with negative effects. After the construction of the access road , earthmoving operations have more negative effects. As a result of this operation , a volume of soil is moved . With the operation of machines , amounts of polluting gases are discharged into the environment and cause the degradation of air quality. The largest amount of positive effects is also related to the installation of project facilities and equipment , which causes an increase in the demand for materials , machinery , equipment and facilities.In the construction phase , the most positive result is related to the creation of employment. All operations in this phase will create employment and eliminate unemployment. After that , industries and mines and investment have the most positive consequences. Considering the extent of the project, which includes Ezgole , Rijab and Sarpol Zahab , it can be considered a big project, which attracts investment. The most negative consequences in this phase are related to the effect on health and hygiene, traffic and lack of safety , pasture and animal husbandry. In the operation phase , the most negative effects are related to the fermentation and processing and transportation of waste , and the most positive effects are related to the production and sale of the product . In the operation phase, the most negative consequences are related to health and hygiene, air and sound quality, and the most positive consequences are related to creating employment and investment , respectively. In the construction phase , the most negative consequences are related to the biological, physical - chemical and socio - economic environment, respectively. But in the operation phase, the most negative consequences are related to the physical - chemical environment , but the socio - economic environment has the most positive consequences in both phases. Based on the results of the Iranian Leopold matrix, the most negative effects on the environment were observed in the construction phase , while there are more positive effects in the operation phase than the construction phase.

In general , a total of 204 effects - consequences have been identified in the evaluation of the plan , of which 141 effects - consequences are related to the construction phase and 63 effects-consequences are related to the operation phase. To investigate the feasibility of establishing urban waste processing and recycling facilities in the proposed area , which is south of the Sarpol Zahab road to Qasr Shirin in Kermanshah province , according to the analyzes performed and also according to the principles of Iranian matrix analysis , considering that the average number of classifications in Columns and rows of matrix tables, the number of ranking averages is less than -1/ 3 less than 50 Percent . Therefore , the project is approved subject to corrective and prevention measures and reduction and control of negative effects and consequences and continuous environmental and health monitoring.

The serious condition of fossil fuel usage as the primary cause of carbon dioxide emissions is demonstrated by the rising trend of carbon dioxide emissions over the past few decades. Although efforts have been made to manage it over the years with the price subsidy reform policies of various petroleum products, Iran's carbon emissions have not been reduced or controlled as a result of these policies. Oil, natural gas, and coal are the three most significant fossil fuels. The current study uses the autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) method to examine the sort of link between the nation's carbon dioxide emissions throughout the years 1980 to 2021. It is clear from the results of the model estimation that there are short-term dynamics associated with long-term associations. The short-term and long-term coefficients converge directly to one another, according to the interpretation of the error correction coefficient, which is equal to -0.72. Furthermore, according to the study's findings, a 1% rise in the consumption of petroleum products leads to 0.26% and 0.25% more carbon dioxide emissions over the short- and long-term, respectively. Additional model results demonstrate that a one percent increase in natural gas consumption has short-term and long-term effects on carbon dioxide emissions that are similar to 0.43% and 0.21%, respectively. According to other model results, a one percent increase in coal usage causes a 0.08% short-term rise in carbon emissions. The long-term model does not take into account the impact of coal on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions due to the very small share of coal in the country's energy consumption portfolio. The outcomes of the ARDL model demonstrate that the use of natural gas and petroleum products has a large and favorable impact on environmental degradation over the long and short terms. One of the largest global issues in recent decades has been the sharp increase in the emission of greenhouse gases, particularly CO2. The serious condition of fossil fuel usage as the primary cause of carbon dioxide emissions is demonstrated by the rising trend of carbon dioxide emissions over the past few decades. Although efforts have been made to manage it over the years with the price subsidy reform policies of various petroleum products, Iran's carbon emissions have not been reduced or controlled as a result of these policies. Oil, natural gas and coal are the three most significant fossil fuels. The current study uses the auto regressive distributed lags (ARDL) method to examine the sort of link between the nation's carbon dioxide emissions throughout the years 1980 to 2021. It is clear from the results of the model estimation that there are short-term dynamics associated with long-term associations. The short-term and long-term coefficients converge directly to one another, according to the interpretation of the error correction coefficient, which is equal to -0.72. Furthermore, according to the study's findings, a 1% rise in the consumption of petroleum products leads in 0.26% and 0.25% more carbon dioxide emissions over the short- and long-term, respectively. Additional model results demonstrate that a one percent increase in natural gas consumption has short-term and long-term effects on carbon dioxide emissions that are similar to 0.43% and 0.21%, respectively. According to other model results, a one percent increase in coal usage causes a 0.08% short-term rise in carbon emissions. The long-term model does not take into account the impact of coal on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions due to the very small share of coal in the country's energy consumption portfolio. The outcomes of the ARDL model demonstrate that use of natural gas and petroleum products has a large and favorable impact on environmental degradation over the long and short terms.One of the largest global issues in recent decades has been the sharp increase in the emission of greenhouse gases, particularly CO2. The serious condition of fossil fuel usage as the primary cause of carbon dioxide emissions is demonstrated by the rising trend of carbon dioxide emissions over the past few decades. Although efforts have been made to manage it over the years with the price subsidy reform policies of various petroleum products, Iran's carbon emissions have not been reduced or controlled as a result of these policies. Oil, natural gas and coal are the three most significant fossil fuels. The current study uses the auto regressive distributed lags (ARDL) method to examine the sort of link between the nation's carbon dioxide emissions throughout the years 1980 to 2021. It is clear from the results of the model estimation that there are short-term dynamics associated with long-term associations. The short-term and long-term coefficients converge directly to one another, according to the interpretation of the error correction coefficient, which is equal to -0.72. Furthermore, according to the study's findings, a 1% rise in the consumption of petroleum products leads in 0.26% and 0.25% more carbon dioxide emissions over the short- and long-term, respectively. Additional model results demonstrate that a one percent increase in natural gas consumption has short-term and long-term effects on carbon dioxide emissions that are similar to 0.43% and 0.21%, respectively. According to other model results, a one percent increase in coal usage causes a 0.08% short-term rise in carbon emissions. The long-term model does not take into account the impact of coal on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions due to the very small share of coal in the country's energy consumption portfolio. The outcomes of the ARDL model demonstrate that use of natural gas and petroleum products has a large and favorable impact on environmental degradation over the long and short terms.One of the largest global issues in recent decades has been the sharp increase in the emission of greenhouse gases, particularly CO2. The serious condition of fossil fuel usage as the primary cause of carbon dioxide emissions is demonstrated by the rising trend of carbon dioxide emissions over the past few decades. Although efforts have been made to manage it over the years with the price subsidy reform policies of various petroleum products, Iran's carbon emissions have not been reduced or controlled as a result of these policies. Oil, natural gas and coal are the three most significant fossil fuels. The current study uses the auto regressive distributed lags (ARDL) method to examine the sort of link between the nation's carbon dioxide emissions throughout the years 1980 to 2021. It is clear from the results of the model estimation that there are short-term dynamics associated with long-term associations. The short-term and long-term coefficients converge directly to one another, according to the interpretation of the error correction coefficient, which is equal to -0.72. Furthermore, according to the study's findings, a 1% rise in the consumption of petroleum products leads in 0.26% and 0.25% more carbon dioxide emissions over the short- and long-term, respectively. Additional model results demonstrate that a one percent increase in natural gas consumption has short-term and long-term effects on carbon dioxide emissions that are similar to 0.43% and 0.21%, respectively. According to other model results, a one percent increase in coal usage causes a 0.08% short-term rise in carbon emissions. The long-term model does not take into account the impact of coal on the amount of carbon dioxide emissions due to the very small share of coal in the country's energy consumption portfolio. The outcomes of the ARDL model demonstrate that the use of natural gas and petroleum products has a large and favorable impact on environmental degradation over the long and short terms.

In recent years, the indiscriminate withdrawal of water from aquifers in the south of Iran and the unprincipled disposal of municipal sewage and agricultural wastewater in receiving water bodies have caused a decrease in the quality of groundwater in most of these plains. The limited nature of these underground resources and their excessive use has created problems in Iran. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the chemical, physical, and biological qualitative characteristics of groundwater to specify the appropriateness of water for the intended use (Sedaghat, 2008). Various studies have been conducted in the field of groundwater quality and the effect of different factors on it. In a research, the evaluation, modeling, and zoning of groundwater quality in the Kashan Plain region were conducted using geostatistics and deterministic models. Five water quality parameters to determine the irrigation index and drinking water quality were determined using the Wilcox diagram. The final map showed that the groundwater quality increased from north to south of the studied area (Feizi et al. 2019). According to the research conducted in Saveh county, Kashan aquifer, and Zahedan plain using different groundwater quality indices, the high concentration of ions and high EC values indicates the unsuitability or problematic use of groundwater resources. Therefore, the main objectives of this research include (1) the use of hydrogeochemical and graphical methods to determine the factors affecting the groundwater quality in Fasarud plain (Darab county), (2) the use of different parameters, diagrams, and indices such as electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage, magnesium ratio, corrosiveness ratio, and permeability index for classifying water for irrigation, and (3) comparing the chemical parameters of water samples with the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the use of Schoeller's diagram for the classification of drinking water for the study area.

This research investigated the groundwater quality in the Fasarud plain of Darab County, where wells are mainly used for irrigation and in some places for drinking, using quality parameters and indices. Darab County is located in the southeast of Fars province and a has range of 54o 11’ to 54o 47’ east longitude and 28o 33’ to 28o 49’ north latitude at a distance of 250 km from Shiraz. The total area of the studied area is 6500 km2 with an altitude of 1180 m. According to the De Martonne index, the climate of this county is semi-arid, the average annual temperature is about 25 Co, the average annual rainfall is 350 mm, the average annual wind speed is about 1.2 m/s, the average annual potential evapotranspiration is about 1821 mm, and the average annual sunshine is about 9.4 hours per day (Bahrami et al., 2020). In this regard, the results of a period of chemical analysis related to 31 wells in March 2018 were used. Electrical conductivity, sodium absorption ratio, sodium percentage, magnesium ratio, corrosion ratio, and permeability index were used to classify water for irrigation.

A relatively wide range of changes in electrical conductivity was observed in the studied area with the lowest amount (394 μmho/cm) in well No. 22 and the highest amount (5544 μmho/cm) in well No. 24. The electrical conductivity in most of the wells is in the good and acceptable category, one well is in the cautious use class, and three wells are in the unacceptable category. Irrigation of soil with high electrical conductivity can increase the concentration of soil salts, and due to its cumulative property in the soil, it damages agricultural lands and agricultural products. Considering that the water quality in most samples is good and acceptable for agriculture in terms of salinity hazards, there is no need to amend the soil after using the water. The results showed that 39% of the groundwater samples were in the good range, 48% in the average range, and 13% in the unsuitable water range for irrigation. A comparison of the average values of qualitative parameters with the permissible values of standards 1053 of Iran and the World Health Organization showed that the average concentration of Ca, Mg, Na, SO4, and Cl ions are within the permissible range for drinking purposes, while the mean of K, HCO3, and NO3 was more than the allowed values of both standards, which indicates the entry of pollutants into the unground water of this plain through agricultural runoff and domestic sewage. Agricultural runoff has a great effect on degrading the groundwater quality, which is more effective in hot and dry areas. Also, evaporation from these solute-containing wastewater causes the solutes to be left in the upper layer of the soil during infiltration into the ground and transferred to the groundwater with subsequent irrigation or rainfall. The concentration of carbonates in natural waters is more dependent on the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide, temperature, pH, cations, and some soluble salts, which are more concentrated in groundwaters than in surface waters. Also, the comparison of each of the 31 wells' water quality studied in this plain with the Schoeller's standards showed that the water in 19 wells is acceptable or permissible for drinking, seven wells are relatively suitable, five wells are unsuitable, and the hardness in 30 wells are less than 50 mg/L. In general, the results reveal that the water in most of the wells in the study area is suitable for drinking and only the water of five wells is unsuitable due to the higher amount of some elements compared to the permissible limit of the national standard and WHO, which the contaminant has entered groundwater through agricultural wastewater.

The results showed that 58 percent of the samples are in the excellent, good, and acceptable ranges for agriculture, and in other wells, at least one of the indices is in unacceptable or cautious use classes. Also, the water of 26 wells can be used for drinking and the hardness of 30 wells is less than 50 mg/L. It is suggested to continuously monitor the groundwater resources in the study area, taking into account the existing potential of water resource pollution, including the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers for the fertility of agricultural lands within the limits of these resources.

Today, the tourism industry, as one of the most important and profitable industries in the world, accounts for a huge part of the foreign exchange earnings of the countries, and in addition to creating jobs, it earns foreign currency, provides peace, fair distribution of wealth, and exchange of cultures. But despite the many benefits that can be attributed to tourism, if proper planning is not done in this field, the development of tourism will cause negative environmental, cultural, social and economic effects. For example, the negative effects in the economic sphere are the increase in property taxes, the cost of goods and services, and the price of land. The negative social effects are increased traffic congestion, crime and other social problems. Negative cultural effects are destructive effects on traditional cultures, and finally, negative environmental effects are increased air pollution, reduced natural resources, and pressure on wildlife. These negative effects and problems usually arise when development (tourism) is carried out in a hurry and the life cycle of the product or the environment is not considered. Due to the emergence of such issues in the environment sector, governments have given increasing importance to environmental issues and have become stricter in environmental regulations, which has caused more and more companies to include environmental protection as part of their corporate social responsibility, which directly causes the formation of a new concept. It is called "Green Corporate Social Responsibility".Based on this and since there was no research on the effect of the green corporate social responsibility on the sustainable development of tourism, it is expected that the results of the present research will increase theat tention of tourism companies to the concept of green social responsibility and lead to the sustainable development of tourism. along with maintaining the health of the environment and local culture of tourist destinations.Based on this, the main question of the current research is whether the green corporate social responsibility has a significant effect on the sustainable development of tourism?

The purpose of this study was to explain the effect of green corporate social responsibility on the sustainable development of tourism in Ardabil province. Ardabil province with the capital of Ardabil city is one of the northwestern provinces of Iran. This province is bordered by Republic of Azerbaijan from the north, East Azerbaijan province from the west, Gilan province from the east, and Zanjan province from the south. One of the characteristics of this province is the pleasant and cool weather of this region in spring and summer. Other cities of this province include Ardabil, Beilehsavar, Parsabad, Sareyn, Nir, Khalkhal, Meshgin shahr and Namin. The type of research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of the nature of method. The statistical population of the study was the employees of service organizations related to tourism in Ardabil province. Simple random sampling method was used for sampling and Krejcie & Morgan table was used to select the sample size. Considering the existence of about 315 hotels, guesthouses and apartment hotels in the province, which have a total of about 3500 employees, the sample size was 346 people. Collection of required data using two standard questionnaires, effective factors in the development of tourism in the region and corporate environmental responsibility questionnaire was performed and all questions are graded on a five-point Likert scale (from 1 = completely disagree to 5 = completely agree). Validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis and reliability was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling approach using SPSS 26 and SmartPLS 3 software.

The research results indicate that the green corporate social responsibility variable explains the tourism variance. Since the path coefficient of the effect of the green corporate social responsibility variable on tourism has been calculated equal to 0.181 and considering that the t-value is equal to 3.012 and it is significant at the 0.05 level, with 95% confidence It can be said that the green corporate social responsibility has a positive and significant effect on the sustainable development of tourism, and if the green social responsibility is strengthened in companies and organizations related to tourism, tourism will also develop. Therefore, considering that t-value is greater than 1.96 at the 95% confidence level, the green corporate social responsibility has a positive and significant effect on the sustainable development of tourism.

According to the presented results, it can be said that the green corporate social responsibility has a positive and significant effect on the sustainable development of tourism. Therefore, if companies, organizations and businesses related to tourism, such as hotels, travel agencies and tourism transport companies, etc., fulfill their green social responsibility, in such a way that they use sustainable and renewable energy sources in their activities, materials use recyclables in their products and packaging and be committed to protecting the environment, while they can help improve their company's image and attract more customers (tourists) to them (especially customers who are in favor of protecting the environment), finally, in this way, they can contribute to the sustainable development of tourism in a region and prevent the negative effects of tourism, such as air and environmental pollution, destructive effects on local culture, etc. Based on this, practical suggestions are presented as follows:- In the first place, the culture of implementing green social responsibility should be institutionalized in companies and organizations related to tourism.
- Tourist transportation companies should modernize their vehicles or use clean fuels in their vehicles.
- Travel agencies and tours use renewable and recyclable materials in their products and packaging.
- Increase the use of clean energy such as solar and wind energy in the tourism industry (however, this requires huge government investment).
Finally, it should be mentioned that one of the limitations of this research was the lack of a similar research on the impact of the green corporate social responsibility on the sustainable development of tourism, as a result of which it was not possible to compare the results of the current research with previous researches.

Nowadays, the world has seen tremendous progress in the penetration of information and communication technology in individual and social life in countries worldwide, regardless of income level. While the increasing penetration of information and communication technology in economic, social, and energy dimensions creates exciting challenges and opportunities, examining its role in reducing or increasing CO2 emissions is essential. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate the role of information and communication technology on the environmental quality of selected oil-exporting countries. The difference between this research and previous studies is that to investigate the impact of ICT on CO2 emissions, it uses a composite index of information and communication technology based on the principal component method (PCA), unlike previous studies that used only one dimension (for example, the Internet penetration rate). In addition to investigating the relationship between ICT and the environment, the study examines the existence of the Kuznets environmental curve and the relationship between foreign trade and the carbon dioxide index. The model estimation of the effect of information and communication technology on the environmental quality of selected oil-exporting countries, including Iran, from 2009 to 2019 has been carried out using the generalized method of moments. The estimation results indicate an inverse U relationship between information and communication technology and carbon dioxide emissions. Also, the results confirm the Kuznets curve hypothesis in the studied countries. According to the study, foreign trade has a positive and significant impact on CO2 emissions.

land use/cover Change, especially the destruction of forest lands, is one of the most important factors in increasing atmospheric carbon emissions, resulting in global warming and climate change. On the other hand, forest ecosystems play an important role in absorbing and maintaining the global carbon balance. Because forest biomass constitutes about 90% of the biomass of the earth's vegetation and is considered an important parameter for evaluating the amount of carbon absorbed by the forest. Therefore, in the current situation where climate change and global warming have caused many environmental crises, evaluating the functioning of the forest ecosystem requires an accurate estimation of biomass and its changes, which should be done with minimum cost and time and without destruction. The total biomass includes Aboveground (trees, shrubs, etc.) and underground (living roots, etc.) Biomass research is concentrated in the Aboveground biomass sector. Various methods have been provided to estimate it. The most accurate method is based on ground measurements, but the destruction and economic costs of ground measurements are very high and it is not suitable for large-scale measurements. Remote sensing-based measurement methods, in addition to having the mentioned advantages, also make suitable estimates of forest Aboveground biomass possible. Because, the methods based on remote sensing, only require a small number of samples in the forest for ground measurement and include the use of various sensors, images, data, and different processing algorithms, the results have acceptable. Biomass prediction models based on satellite images can be obtained from radar data, multi-spectral bands, and vegetation indices (for example, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and variables Vegetation biophysics such as leaf area index). These models can be developed with or without secondary thematic data (e.g. height). Therefore, this study aims to estimate the aboveground biomass of part of Ardabil Fandoghlo forests using vegetation indices and regression models and to evaluate the efficiency of Sentinel-2 images in estimating the aboveground biomass of the forest.

First, by conducting a forest tour, the characteristics of the mass in terms of area, topography, homogeneity and heterogeneity, and density were investigated. Then, the dimensions of the statistical network were determined to be 150 x 100 meters and the dimensions of the sample pieces were 20 x 20 meters. Taking into consideration the above-mentioned matters and to calculate the amount of biomass, 14 square samples with dimensions of 20 x 20 meters were established in a random-systematic way using a GPS device. Then, the information about the trees, including the species, diameter using a caliper and diameter measuring tape, and height using Suunto, were collected and entered into statistical forms and then into Excel. In the next step, due to the branching of the trees, the diameter weight of each group was obtained as the square root of the sum of the square of the diameter at the height of half a meter of all the trees of each group. Finally, the amount of aboveground biomass (AGB) was calculated in terms of tons per hectare. In order to carry out this research, the cloud-free image of the Sentinel-2 satellite was prepared on June 2019. QGIS 3.10, Arc GIS 10.3, SPSS, and Google Earth software were used to conduct this research. Then, to ensure the quality of the data and bands, the image used in this research was corrected for atmospheric errors using the Dark Object Subtraction (DOS) method in the QGIS 3.10 software environment, and then AVI, NDVI, DVI, SI, RVI, IPVI, SAVI, and BI indicators were calculated. A linear regression model was used to investigate the relationship between the calculated amount of biomass and the value of each sample plot in the above indices. So that the biomass measured in each plot with ground data as the dependent variable (Y) and the numbers extracted from the calculated indices as the independent variable (X) were entered into the model by means of the linear regression model. The amount of biomass corresponding to each of the indicators was obtained. In the following, in order to evaluate the accuracy between the measured and estimated biomass values, the coefficient of determination (R2) and the root-mean-square-error (RMSE) was used. It should be noted that with 80% of the data, modeling and Accuracy assessment were done with 20%. Finally, after evaluating the accuracy, the biomass map of the region was prepared using the SAVI index.

The results showed that the SAVI index with a coefficient of determination of 0.78 and a root-mean-square-error of 2.45 compared to other indices calculated in this study is more accurate in estimating aboveground biomass. For this reason, the biomass map of the study area was prepared using the SAVI index. Also, the amount of biomass in the area was estimated at 132.443 tons per hectare. The results also showed that the linear regression model is one of the common models for estimating biomass using ground data and the value of vegetation indices extracted from satellite images. Because it uses more limited data and less time than other models to provide more accurate results. It is still an important tool for estimating forest aboveground biomass. In addition, the high potential of remote sensing methods in estimating forest biomass with less time and cost was confirmed in this study. However, only a limited number of these methods are useful due to their high correlation with biomass content. It can be said that the role of bands and spectral textures in modeling aboveground biomass depends on the complexity of the forest structure. Forest aboveground biomass is one the essential data to evaluate the role of carbon storage in studies related to climate change and global warming. Therefore, measuring and estimating forest aboveground biomass using different methods based on remote sensing is possible with the least cost and time and is also without degradation. Finally, based on the results of this study, it can be said that Sentinel-2 images have acceptable accuracy in estimating aboveground biomass of forest ecosystems and also vegetation indices such as the SAVI index, which consider soil coefficients, are more accurate than Indicators that do not take these coefficients into account.

Covid-19 is the third coronavirus after SARS and MERS in the last two decades, which has been able to infect humans by passing through animal species. What is certain is that cities are key jumping off points for the spread of a global pandemic. As this disease has challenged the health infrastructure of cities and the planning of urban planners. Now cities have come to the conclusion that they are very vulnerable and cannot be proud of what they have. Currently, the World Health Organization considers the Covid-19 disease a threat to all countries. The 22nd most populous city in the world has the highest death rate from respiratory diseases in Iran. Before the spread of Covid-19, respiratory diseases were the third cause of death in Iran. In this research, the metropolis of Tehran has been selected as the most populous and most polluted city in the country for research in the field of corona disease. And the main goal of the research is to investigate and spatially analyze disease-19 at the level of neighborhoods in Tehran. The main necessity of this research is the presence of the covid-19 disease at the level of the society and in Tehran as the center of the country, which has so far caused a lot of loss of life and, due to widespread closures, a lot of financial losses to the government and citizens. Due to the unknown nature of this virus, the present study and other related studies are helpful in identifying important dimensions.

The method of this research is analytical and exploratory. The data of this research was obtained from the Ministry of Health and Medicine, National Statistics Center of Iran and Tehran Municipality. In age grouping, one of the population census standards including 5 age groups 0-14, 15-24, 15-44, 45-46 and 65 years and above was the basis of the analysis. The data related to the spread of covid-19 (60111 people) were analyzed and prepared in Excel software during 20 months, and then descriptive analysis (including mean, standard deviation) was presented using SPSS software. In this research, 60,111 cases of Covid-19 have been investigated in the neighborhoods of Tehran. Set scan software was used for spatio-temporal analysis. In order to identify and discover the clusters, at first, time analysis was used, then spatial analysis was used, and finally spatio-temporal analysis of the prevalence was done. To investigate spatial autocorrelation, Moran's and cluster and non-cluster analyzes were used. Also, in this research, statistical scanning software was used to identify clusters.

The investigation of the spread of covid-19 during 20 months in the neighborhoods of Tehran showed that the distribution of the infection in the neighborhoods was heterogeneous. Men were more affected than women in all age groups, and the age group of 45 to 64 years had a higher incidence than other age groups, and the age groups under 25 had the lowest rate of infection in Tehran. The results of the statistical scan to identify time clusters showed that the highest rate of outbreak occurred in the 13th to 16th months of the outbreak, and as a result, a time cluster was identified in these months. This time cluster covered from April to July 1400. These clusters were close in terms of time and number. Also, 5 spatial clusters were identified in the investigated period, and clusters one and three were more important in the center and north of Tehran. The most spatial concentration of these clusters was in the center, north and south of Tehran. Some of the most important risk factors are in these two clusters. Like the presence of more elderly people in the northern areas, and polluting gases such as PM10 and NO2 were more scattered in the central and northern areas of Tehran. Finally, a significant spatio-temporal cluster was identified in the center toward the south and southeast, which showed that the prevalence clusters must have been influenced by the specific characteristics of urban neighborhoods. For the purposes of this analysis, spatio-temporal clusters are of the highest importance because they include both time and space. Previous studies show that the central and southern neighborhoods of the city have unsuitable environments due to the intense concentration of activities and pollutants. The results of the local Moran analysis showed that the high patterns are located in the center and the low patterns are located in the western part of the city. The results of the local Moran based on gender showed more changes, so that the high clusters in men were identified in the northern regions in addition to the center, and the low clusters were also present in the southwest in addition to the western regions. In women, there was a high clustering pattern in the central areas, but no low patterns were seen. The reason for the presence of these clusters can be related to the following: the extent of the western areas (21 and 22) is large and the population density and building density are low in them, and instead, most of the businesses and official buildings are located in the central areas of the city. For example, District 12 (Tehran's main commercial center) is not only located in busy streets, but also has the largest number of gas stations. Also, the height of the land is high in the northern and western areas of the city and there are natural air corridors in them. Instead, the amount of air pollution in the central and southern parts of the city has been reported more than in other areas, which can be one of the factors of high clusters in these areas.

It seems that for the effective prevention and control of the spread of Covid-19, individual health and medical policies and measures should be integrated with urban planning strategies, including the control of environmental pollutants and the implementation of environmental health programs. Therefore, paying attention to the investigated prevalence clusters at the neighborhood level of Tehran can help the policy makers of this sector for better planning.

A non-transgenic plant is a plant whose genetic structure has not been changed and has a significant effect on health. Edible oil is one of the non-transgenic and organic food products, which is very important for consumers in terms of food health and hygiene. Identifying the determining factors of the willingness to pay for non-transgenic products is an important step before identifying the market needs and marketing these products. In fact, examining the factors affecting the willingness to pay and consumers' tendency towards non-genetically modified products and prioritizing these factors can provide a clear and complete picture to the planners and policy makers of the environment in order to have a comprehensive understanding. From the level of demand and the structures affecting it, they need to have complete planning for the implementation of support policies, and in addition, this research helps marketers by providing sufficient information to identify target markets and also identify consumption. and their willingness to pay to improve and increase their performance.

Goods and services that do not have a market, or when the market is unsuccessful in providing information, do not have a certain price, and the necessity of determining prices is to find a criterion of willingness to pay. Willingness to pay is the amount of money a consumer is willing to pay for a good or service and is often used to estimate the value of a good or service (Pitafy and Rumasset, 2003). In fact, willingness to pay is the maximum amount that consumers are willing to pay for a product or service. Willingness to pay is formed based on the consumer's perceived value of the desired product as well as the value and price of competing products. Expressed or expressed preferences can be used to estimate willingness to pay. The expressed preferences are called the data obtained from the survey. In most of the pricing decisions, the basis of stated preferences is used. The reason for using such preferences is because the market has information about the fact that some consumers are willing to pay a higher price than the market price or that some consumers It shows that they are buying the product at a price lower than the market price, and on the other hand, there is not enough and appropriate information available for some new goods and new services. One of the most important valuation methods based on stated preferences is conditional valuation. In conditional valuation, a hypothetical market is created and the willingness of consumers to pay for goods is estimated. There are four methods of playing bid, pay card, double choice and open end in conditional valuation. The double selection method includes two other sub-methods, which include one-dimensional double selection and two-dimensional double selection (Erfanifar et al, 2022). In conditional valuation based on the open-end method, consumers are asked to express their willingness to pay for using a product and service. In this method, people answer the questions easily and easily.In this research, the influencing factors on the willingness to pay for non-transgenic oil in Zahedan city were investigated using Heckman's two-stage method in 2022, and the statistical sample of this research was 300 citizens of Zahedan. Willingness to pay for transgenic and non-transgenic oil can depend on various reasons, such as individual attitude towards the environment, economic-livelihood, cultural status, household dimension, the volume of oil use, etc. To identify and separate the variables that affect the decision of willingness to pay and the amount of willingness to pay for non-transgenic oil (the action stage after the decision), Heckman's two-stage model was estimated. Thus, the model has one dependent variable and seven independent variables described in table (1).

The results of the ordinary least squares model show that the variables of education, household income, amount of transgenic oil consumption, and consumer's attitude towards health have a positive and significant effect on the willingness to pay for non-transgenic oil, but the variable of the household dimension on the willingness to pay non-GMO oil has had a negative and significant effect. The most positive effect on the willingness to pay for non-GM oil belongs to the consumer's attitude towards the environment, that is, the more the consumer has information and awareness about the benefits of non-GM oil and its impact on the health of the family and the environment. This has led to a change in the individual's choice, and the person replaces the non-transgenic oil in their shopping basket as much as possible with the transgenic oil, and in a way, the consumer is willing to pay a higher price than the transgenic oil. This is because they know that non-GMO oil is produced naturally and cares about the health of the person and does not cause any harm to the environment. After the consumer's attitude, the person's education has the greatest impact on the willingness to pay for non-GM oil. There is a close relationship between education and the consumer's attitude towards the environment, in such a way that with the educational and scientific growth of the person, the person's attitude is affected and with the change of the consumer's attitude towards the environment, the consumer of non-transgenic oil prefers it to GM oil and leads to a change in the individual's choice. Since non-transgenic oil is considered as a normal commodity, there is a direct relationship between income and the willingness to pay for transgenic oil, so that the higher the income of the household, the greater the purchasing power of the household, and due to the higher price of non-transgenic oil, compared to for transgenic, households tend to pay more for the consumption of non-transgenic oil. There is a positive and significant relationship between the willingness to pay for non-transgenic oil and the consumption of transgenic oil, which indicates that there is a substitution relationship between transgenic and non-transgenic oil. In such a way that with the increase in the willingness to pay for non-GM oil, the consumption of GM oil increases, and finally, the household size variable has a negative and significant effect on the willingness to pay for non-GM oil, that is, the larger the size and size of the household becomes, due to The increase in household expenses due to the higher price of non-transgenic oil compared to transgenic oil reduces the purchasing power of the household, and as a result, the willingness to pay for non-transgenic oil decreases. Therefore, it is suggested that by providing information and increasing awareness about the benefits of using non-genetically modified oil, the consumer's attitude towards the use of non-genetically modified oil should be influenced in order to protect the environment in order to improve the willingness to pay for non-genetically modified oil.