compromise programming

Due to the diversity and multiplicity of atmospheric general circulation models (GCM), it is not possible to use all of them in the estimation of climatic parameters. Undoubtedly, using the right model in climate simulations can improve the accuracy and certainty of the modeling. In this study, ACCESS-ESM1-5, GFDL-CM4, IITM-ESM, INM-CM4-8, IPSL-CM6A-LR, MPI-ESM1-2 and MRI-ESM2-0 from the CMIP6 was evaluated in Nekarood river basin by applying multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approaches including compromise programming (CP), cooperative game theory (CGT), the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and weighted average technique (WAT). Then the final ranks were determined based on the group decision making method (GDM). To check the quality of the estimated rainfall of GCMs in accordance with the observed rainfall, correlation coefficient (CC), normalized root mean square deviation (NRMSD), average absolute relative deviation (AARD), absolute normalized mean bias deviation (ANMBD) and skill score (SS) were used. The weight effect of the evaluation indices in each of the MCDMs was determined by the entropy technique. The results indicate that the CC has the highest effect in the ranking process of GCMs with a weighted importance of about 45%. Finally, the GFDL-CM4 with a net strength of 18 in the group decision-making method was recognized as the most appropriate GCM, simulating precipitation for this watershed.

Unsustainable dam construction causes an imbalance between water resources and environmental sustainability. Thus, it is crucial to observe the principles and criteria of sustainable development in dam construction, as one of the water supply methods. The variety and contradiction of these criteria together complicate the decision-making process of dam site selection. This requires Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) models to achieve sustainable development goal. In this study, the priority of the construction site of Kandoleh Dam in Kermanshah province was investigated using different techniques of the MCDM including Simple additive weighting, compromise programming and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). For this purpose, after determining the appropriate criteria with the help of studies and experts' opinions, group decision making was employed to determine the weight of the criteria by measuring the decision-makers' agreement. Then, the four proposed sites for the Kondoleh dam were ranked based on technical, economic, social, environmental criteria and relevant sub-criteria. Finally, the results were compared. In addition to determining the best site, 17 sub-criteria were also ranked for electing this site. Based on experts' opinions, the economic criterion was the most important in selecting a suitable site. The results of the AHP model are similar to the other two methods for ranking options. The present study provides a valid and inexpensive approach for decision-makers to identify the best dam construction site to achieve sustainable development goals.

In recent decades too much use of production inputs to increase yield has caused a lot of environmental damages; therefore more attention has been placed to studying the sustainability and continuality of production system along with preserving the renewable natural resources. Thus, sustainable agriculture has been considered as the most effective solution for this matter by experts. This study aims to assess natural resource and agricultural sustainability in counties of East Azerbaijan Province.
In this article, agricultural and natural resource sustainability of East Azerbaijan Province counties was assessed by using composite indicators. We consider economic, social and environmental indicators as the decision-making dimensions and each of them include some sub-criteria. The indicators weight were determined by direct survey from agricultural and natural resources experts. The methodology used in this study for assessing sustainability is compromise programming that is one of the goal-programming approaches. The compromise programming is capable of handling a large amount of information. This method is a well-known MCDM approach. The basic idea in Compromise programming is the identification of an ideal solution as a point where each criterion under consideration achieves their optimum value. Since there is a trade-off among criteria, the ideal point is typically not feasible and it is used as a reference point; alternatives are ranked based on how far they are from this. The data have been collected from a variety of sources, including the Agriculture and East Azerbaijan Regional Water Authority and Statistical Yearbook of East Azerbaijan Province in 2015.
The results showed that in economic dimension, economic efficiency of irrigation, irrigated wheat yield, conservation tillage and insurance percentage indicators with coefficients of 0.188, 0.154, 0.127 and 0.122 respectively are known as the most important parameters. In social dimension literacy rate, number of agricultural expert, health indicator and agricultural employment indicator with coefficients of 0.137, 0.138, 0.120 and 0.125 respectively are known as the most important parameters. Also, in environmental dimension, the most important parameters are groundwater level, agricultural water usage indicator, water salinity, efficient irrigation systems indicator and nitrate concentration in groundwater coefficients are 0.144, 0.116, 0.093, 0.093 and 0.087, respectively. Classification results showed that in economic dimension, Ajabshir, Heris and Malekan counties are sorted as very sustainable. These counties have good condition of economic efficiency of irrigation, irrigated wheat yield and conservation tillage indicators that are the most important indicators of this dimension. In social dimension, Jolfa, Osku and Ajabshir counties are classified as very sustainable. Number of agricultural expert is the most important indicator in this dimension and Jolfa has the first place in this regard. In terms of literacy rate, the second important indicator in social dimension, all three counties are in a good shape. Osku, in terms of health and immigration indicators and Jolfa in terms of communication indicator have the first place. The low number of agricultural expert, a small number of extension activities, low per capita space and lower immigration are the characteristics of the very sustainable category which includes Malekan, Maragheh, Bostan Abad and Khoda afrin. In environmental dimension, the counties that show a good condition about groundwater level, water salinity, vegetation cover, percentage of soil organic matter and Indicator of chemical Fertilizer use, are sorted as the every sustainable category. This group includes Kaleybar, Varzeghan and Khoda Afarin counties. While less using of efficient irrigation systems, much consumption of agricultural water, higher nitrate concentrations, much use of chemical fertilizers, lack of soil organic matter, lower vegetation cover and the higher number of livestock units in per hectare ranch are common features of the very unstable category. Finally, the results of total sustainability classification show that Kaleybar, Ajabshir and Varzeghan counties are in the very sustainable category, this was far from what we expected because Kaleybar and Varzeghan counties in terms of environmental sustainability and Ajabshir County in terms of social sustainability were classified in the very sustainable category. Maragheh County in all three dimensions is the farthest from the ideal point and classified under the unstable or very unstable group and as a result, in overall, is very unstable.
In this study agricultural and natural resource sustainability of East Azerbaijan Province counties was assessed and the relative importance of the indicators was determined. The results showed that irrigation efficiency must be improved to increase the economic sustainability of agriculture and natural resources in the counties of East Azerbaijan. It is recommended to increase the distribution of improved seeds to increase crop yield. Also, results showed that due to the drought crisis in the region, water resources sustainability is the main concern of agriculture and natural resources sustainability in East Azerbaijan province. Furthermore, more equitable distribution of facilities and infrastructure such as agro-processing industries, rural schools, health centers and recreational facilities can lead to socio-economic development in disadvantaged counties of province

Protection of vital water resources along with economic considerations has made a major revision in decision making of agricultural systems. Under such circumstances، it is necessary to use efficient planning approaches which allow decision makers to access multiple objectives. Accordingly، the present study applied multi-objective programming، cluster analysis، and compromise programming to develop an optimal cropping pattern providing gross margin maximization and water use minimization in Seidan-Farough Plain، Marvdasht Township. The required data is related to crop year 2010-2011 and collected from 106 [A1] questionnaires using two stage cluster sampling. Considering different combinations of weights for the objective functions، the optimal cropping patterns were presented in three scenarios. All patterns proposed by the model made it possible to increase gross margin and reduce water consumption. Moreover، when the objective weight of minimizing water use across patterns increased، crop combination changed in favor of the crops with lower water requirement. Comparison of current and optimal cropping patterns showed that farmers in both small and large farms had relatively similar performance in achieving the objective of gross margin maximization، while the objective of water use minimization was more successfully provided in large farms than that of small farms which in turn represents more efficient management of water use in large-scale farms. In addition، the tradeoffs between objectives، especially in small farms، indicated that decreasing a certain amount of gross margin would result in a more substantial reduction in water consumption providing farmers with a variety of acceptable options in order to reduce water use.

In this study, agricultural sustainability of selected cities of Fars province evaluated with using the model of agricultural sustainability and compromise programming method. In this regard, data were collected from various sources such as Fars province organization of agricultural Jahad and Fars Regional Water Authority in 1385. As the results, cities of the province were classified into three groups, sustainable (including Kazerun, Lamerd, Mamasani and Abadeh cities), relatively sustainable group (including Lar, Eghlid, Firozabad, Fasa, Darab and Arsenjan cities) and unsustainable group (including Marvdasht, Estahban, Shiraz and Jahrom cities). These results indicate that sustainable group with features including groundwater balance, more diversity in crops and low percentage of lands of these cities has 1% organic matter. Furthermore, high nitrate concentration in groundwater, more negative balance of groundwater, less using of efficient irrigation systems, and over using of pesticides and chemical fertilizers are the remarkable features of unsustainable groups.

The main objective of this study was determining the best sprinkler system and ranking total operational sprinkler systems in Isfahan province. The data was collected through 262 questionnaires completed by farmers in Feridan and Semirom cities in Isfahan province. Ranking and comparing the systems were done via criteria matrix and qualitative efficiency of objects and compromise programming. Based on the results of this study, hand-move sprinkler irrigation and then solid-set sprinkler irrigation were found to be the best systems in most of the regions. However, solid-set sprinkler irrigation was the best in some other areas. Results also showed that there were trivial differences between farmer selection in sprinkler irrigation and suitable system in the region. Also, comparison of suitable system and conventional irrigations used by farmers showed that the current systems of farmers are not usually an optimal system.

This study shows how multiobjective programming, compromise programming and filtering techniques could be used to manage scarce resources. Data were collected from a sample of 109 Rafsanjan pistachio producers. The aim of the program was to make a compromise between the objectives of profit maximization, the maximization of the area under pistachio gardens and also maximization of the groundwater use. The multiobjective programming approach and filtering techniques were used to find the efficient set among these objectives. A compromise between the objectives was established by the compromise programming method. Although none of the above three objectives achieved completely in the compromise solution, it became nearer to the ideal point on the assumption that the importance of three objectives was the same. By omitting this assumption and considering the objective weights based on decision maker preferences, the compromise solution might become nearer to the ideal point.