جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « protein » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

One of the most important problems threatening agriculture is water deficit stress in many regions of the world. Water deficit stress could result in a decrease in yielding or death of a wide range of crops. In Iran, like other arid and semi-arid regions, forage quality and production have decreased due to the occurrence of frequent water stress. Restriction of water resources, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where agricultural systems depend on supplementary irrigation, has become the most important problem of fodder production. Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) is a forage legume cultivated in the temperate region of world; it is of great value for livestock feed, soil improvement, and reclaiming disturbed land because of its nitrogen-fixing capability. The purpose of this research, was evaluate the effect of water deficit stress on the physiological and qualitative traits of fodder of Persian clover.

An experiment was carried out during the 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons as a randomized complete block design at the Research Farm of Tarbiat Modares University. Experimental treatments included water deficit stress at four levels. The tested treatments included water deficit stress at four levels (irrigation after reaching the levels of 80, 60, 40 and 20% available moisture). Irrigation of all treatments was carried out at the level of 70% of available water until the start of stress in the final stages of vegetative growth of the second cut. To measure the effects of water deficit stress on physiological traits physiological indexes were recorded during the first 10 days of stress treatment, every day. The clovers were harvested at about 20-25% flowering stage. After drying, they were transferred to the laboratory to determine the quantitative and qualitative feed yield. Based on Bartlett's test results, the experiment's dependent variables had the same trend.

The results show that the irrigation regime had a significant effect on all traits. Irrigation treatments at 80 and 60% of available water had the highest dry matter yield, and delaying irrigation until 40 and 20% caused a 19% and 36% significant decrease in this trait. Also, stress at the level of 20% caused a 27% decrease in fodder protein, a 10% increase in acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber, and finally, an 16% reducing relative feed value. Evaluation of physiological traits in the first ten days of the beginning of water stress showed a continuous increase in leaf temperature from 30.5 to 34 ˚C, and 49, 50, and 15% decrease in photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and SPAD index, respectively. It Also reduces the concentration of chlorophyll a and b 25 and 40 percent. The return of increased leaf temperature and reduced stomatal conductance due to the discharge of 80% moisture was fast to the initial level, but other traits slowly approached the value before the stress. It seems that returning to initial values at levels of 80 and 60 is easily possible for the plant, but with the increase in the intensity of stress, the damage of dehydration is slowly compensated.

The experiment results showed that the photosynthesis rate and other physiological traits of Persian clover significantly react to the soil's decreased available water. In most physiological traits, irrigation after the available soil moisture reached 60% caused a relatively quick return to the initial value. There was no significant difference in fodder yield in the 80% and 60% irrigation treatments. When the available soil moisture reached 40%, the physiological traits showed a greater decrease than before. It seems that some damages to physiological traits are irreparable to such an extent that they eventually lead to a drop in yield or a decrease in the quality of Persian clover fodder. Finally, it is not necessary for clover irrigation at levels of more than 60% of available water, taking into account the more quality of forage in the level of 60% (about 1.5% of insoluble fiber, and 11% feed value), considering the water conditions of the country.

Hairy vetch a plant that can be used in different ways, such as fodder, silage, grazing, and green manure and its seeds can be used to feed poultry. Like other legume family plants, vetch can improve and strengthen the soil and fix nitrogen. Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient to virtually all forms of life. Although Fe is the second most abundant metal element in earth’s crust its low solubility and high fixation in soil reduce its bioavailability to the plant roots. Fe plays a major role in redox reactions in metabolic processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and nitrogen assimilation besides being involved in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and hormones, Drought stress is the most common environmental stress that reduces crop production, and low soil moisture leads to the lack of low consumption elements, especially iron and zinc elements in plants, So With the aim of investigating the effect of foliar application of different sources of iron fertilizer on fodder characteristics of vetch, this research was conducted.

The research was conducted in the agricultural research farm of the Agricultural Jihad Organization in Baneh city in Kurdistan province, at 2021 crop season. The experimental design was implemented as a split plot where different levels of irrigation include no irrigation (rainfed conditions), one irrigation and two irrigations in the main plots, and foliar spraying of different sources of iron fertilizer including, control (spraying solution with water), iron chelate (Fe-EDTA), iron nanochelate (Khizra) and non-chelated source of iron sulfate were placed in sub-plots in three replicates. In the study chlorophyll index, plant height, fresh forage yield, dry fodder yield, Fodder protein percentage, digestibility percentage, ADF, NDF, soluble carbohydrates, crude fiber and ash percent of fodder were measured.

The results showed that the main effect of irrigation and foliar spraying on all investigated traits was significant. Results revealed that the interaction effect of irrigation with iron fertilizer foliar application on chlorophyll index, plant height, digestibility percentage, cell wall NDF, fiber percentage, and ash percentage was a significant, In our study dry conditions, compared to the treatment of two times of irrigation, decreased the wet fodder yield and dry fodder yield and the protein content of fodder by 71.65, 50.16, and 58.58%, respectively, and increased the insoluble fibers in the acidic cell (ADF) by 48.15%. Also, under iron nano chelate treatment of fresh and dry fodder yield, the protein content of the fodder and the content of soluble carbohydrates increased by 84.35, 40.19, 22.90 and 64.08, respectively, and the insoluble fibers in the neutral cell wall (NDF) decreased by 11.60%. Among the interaction treatments of irrigation with the iron foliar application, the highest chlorophyll content (133.45 and 131.04 mg/g fresh weight respectively), plant height (23.81 and 23.43 cm respectively), fodder digestibility percentage (72 42.42 and 77.10% respectively), fiber percentage (37.75 and 40.98 respectively) and fodder ash percentage (19.37 and 21.01% respectively) And the lowest NDF of the cell wall (21.78 and 26.93% respectively) was recorded in the treatment of iron chelate (Fe-EDTA) and iron nano chelate with two times of irrigation. The results of the interaction treatments also showed that iron chelate (Fe-EDTA) under the one-time irrigation treatment could significantly increase the leaf chlorophyll content, the percentage of forage digestibility and the percentage of forage fiber compared to the control treatment.

It can be concluded that foliar application of iron fertilizer from sources of iron chelate (Fe-EDTA) and nano-iron chelate (Khizra) with two times of irrigation to achieve the maximum quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the fodder of the cluster flower is recommended, therefore it can be stated that supplementary irrigation and foliar application of iron fertilizer can be a solution to improve the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fodder in vetch.

In terms of harvested land area, potato ranks fourth in the world after wheat, corn and rice. In addition to providing energy and good quality protein, it is also considered as a source of vitamin C and minerals. Despite the fact that iron is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust, only a small amount of iron can be used by plants in well-ventilated soils. Therefore, iron deficiency is one of the factors limiting the growth and development of plants.
 

This experiment was carried out in a factorial trial in the base of a completely randomized design in three replications in a greenhouse conditions of Agricultural Research Institute of Hamedan (Jorqan) during the crop years of 2017-2018 and 2018-2029. The experimental factors include the weight levels of microtuber at three levels of 3-1, 3-5 and 5-10 grams and different iron fertilizers at seven levels, control, iron chelate in the form of soil consumption at the rate of 20 micromolar, nano iron oxide in the form of soil consumption to The amount of 20 micromolar was 1 and 2% foliar spraying of iron chelate and 1 and 2% nano iron oxide foliar spraying. The internal temperature of the greenhouse was provided by adjusting the air conditioning system and central heating in the range of 18 to 20 °C  at night and 26 to 28 degrees during the day. The humidity of the greenhouse was also 60-65%. At the end of the experiment, after processing the crop, the plants were harvested and the yield and yield components were determined. Leaf greenness index in this experiment using SPAD device (Minolta 502 model) using three fully developed terminal leaves from ten plants in the budding stage in the middle part of the leaf on one side of the main vein, at 9:30 to 10:00 in the morning. It was measured in order to minimize daily changes. To measure the percentage of dry matter, 200 grams of tubers were randomly selected from each treatment, then the tubers were chopped and placed in an oven at a temperature of 75 degrees Celsius, and after their weight was fixed, they were weighed again. Then, based on the ratio of fresh and dry weight of the tubers, the percentage of dry matter of the tubers was determined (Hagman and Martenssen, 2009). 

The results showed that the height of the plant, the number of stems per plant, the number of tubers per plant, the weight of tubers, the weight of tubers per plant, the percentage of dry matter and the greenness index increased with the increase in the weight of microtubers, and the most improvement in the morphological and qualitative characteristics of potato in microtubers. 5-10 grams were observed. With the application of iron chelate and nano iron oxide fertilizers, potato yield and yield components increased. The maximum tuber weight in the plant was shown in the treatments of 20 micromolar nano iron oxide and 2% nano iron oxide. The highest tuber weight in the plant in the 1-3 gram microtuber is 405.23 grams related to the consumption of 20 micromolar nano iron oxide, in the 3-5 gram microtuber is 444.61 grams related to the application of 2% iron chelate solution and in the microtuber 5-10 grams in the amount of 556.92, 544.52, 482.6 and 465.82 grams corresponding to the treatments of 20 micromolar nano iron oxide, foliar spraying of 2% nano iron oxide, foliar spraying of 1% nano iron oxide and solution The application was 2% iron chelate 

Microtuber 5-10 grams was able to acquire the best size of microtuber due to having suitable nutrients and accelerating the greening of plants and increasing photosynthesis and providing nutrients. The application of nano iron oxide fertilizer was more effective in improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of potatoes compared to iron chelate.

In order to evaluate the foliar application of Ca and Zn fertilizers on seed and fatty acids composition of peanut oil (cv. NC2), an experiment was conducted at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Guilan Province, Rasht, Iran, during 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons.

This experiment was carried out as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Four levels of Zn fertilizer sources, including without Zn application (as control), nano-chelated Zn fertilizer, Zn-EDTA, and Zn sulfate were considered as the main plot and four levels of Ca fertilizer sources, including nano-chelated Ca fertilizer, Ca-EDTA, Ca-chloride and, Ca-nitrate were considered as the sub plot.

Foliar application of fertilizers was done before the flowering stage and then repeated with 30-days intervals. The highest seed yield (2790 kg/ha), biological yield (9303 kg/ha), seed oil content (52.3 percent), oil yield (1625 kg/ha), protein yield (673 kg/ha), and oleic unsaturated fatty acid (57.3 percent) was obtained under simultaneous foliar application of Ca and Zn nano-fertilizers and increased the parameters by 29.8, 17.5, 13.4, 38.3, 24.4 and 19.2 percent in comparison to control treatment, respectively.

Application of Zn and Ca nano-chelated fertilizers as foliar sprays improved seed and oil yield of peanut under the local conditions. Hence, the Zn and Ca nano-chelated fertilizers could be recommended to enhance the quantitative and qualitative yield of peanut.

The effect of magnetic and superabsorbent water was investigated on some morphophysiological traits and performance of cumin under a low irrigation regime.

An experiment was conducted in the agricultural year of 1399-1400 in the research fields of the Faculty of Agriculture of Shahrood University of Technology in two districts of Rahnjan and Garman of Shahrood city in a factorial format in the form of a randomized complete block design with three repetitions. Irrigation water type treatment at two levels (normal and magnetic) and locations (Rahanjan, Garman) with different climatic conditions and altitude above sea level as the main factor and superabsorbent treatment at three levels (zero, 100 and 200 kg/ha) as a secondary factor. Was considered. In all treatments, irrigation was applied based on 100% of plant water needs.

The results showed location, type of irrigation and different concentrations of superabsorbent had a positive and significant effect on the growth characteristics. In the Rahnjan region, due to the climatic conditions and higher average annual temperature and the treatment of 100 and 200 kg/ha of superabsorbent and the use of magnetic water, the highest amount of plant height, percentage and yield of essential oil and protein, soluble carbohydrates were observed.

According to the results, most of the traits in the Rahnjan region had higher values than in the German region, and plant cultivation in the Rahnjan region is economical.

Maize cultivation is rapidly expanding in the world due to its high adaptability to different weather conditions, and it is an exceptional product that can be effectively used as feed and forage products to meet the ever-increasing needs of livestock. Low irrigation is an approach to increase water productivity with the view of increasing production per unit of water consumption. The research results show that water stress has a significant effect on the quantity and quality of forage. Lack of water is one of the important factors in reducing the level of corn, so this experiment was conducted in order to check the possibility of saving water consumption by using low irrigation method and choosing the best hybrid in low irrigation conditions.

In order to investigate the effects of low irrigation and different maize hybrids on the quantitative and qualitative traits of maize forage in the Gorgan region, an experiment was conducted in split plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Iraqi station of the Gorgan. Low irrigation was implemented in four levels in the main plots (100, 75, 50% and 25% of water requirement) and subplots in four levels (including hybrids SC703, SC704, ZP548 and BK50). To determine the amount of water consumption three days after each irrigation, the amount of moisture was determined by sampling the soil and immediately after reaching 40 to 60% usable moisture, irrigation was done. Irrigation was done as a drip using tapes, the distance between the nozzles was 20 cm and the amount of water output per nozzle was 2 liters per hour. Harvesting was done from the two middle lines by removing half a meter at the beginning of the row and weighed separately (leaf, stem, cob) in a separate laboratory, and their fresh weight was recorded and then placed in an oven with a temperature of 65 degrees Celsius for 72 hours, Then the dry weight was calculated. The samples of dry forage were sent to the laboratory of Forests and Ranges Organization (Tehran) and the amount of protein, fiber and other quality attributes of forage were measured by infrared spectrometry with PertenInformatic 8620. The data were analyzed using SAS 9.1.3 statistical software and the means were compared with the LSD test at the 5% probability level.

The results of analysis of variance showed that low irrigation effect was significant on all studied traits. Also, the effect of the studied hybrids on all the traits was significant except for insoluble fibers in acidic detergent and water-soluble carbohydrates. Also, the interaction effect of hybrid × low irrigation was significant only on forage yield (Total biomass, ear fresh weight, stem and leaf fresh weight, and total dry weight). The results of means comparison showed that the highest biomass yield was observed in the 100% water demand treatment, which was 7.2, 49, and 79.7% higher than the 75, 50, and 25% irrigation treatments, respectively. However, the highest water consumption efficiency with a significant difference compared to other levels was observed in the treatment of 75% water requirement (5.99 kg m-3). Also, with the increase of irrigation levels, the amount of crude protein, crude fiber, water-soluble carbohydrates and insoluble fibers in the neutral environment increased significantly, and among the studied hybrids, the SC703 hybrid had the highest forage yield (43692.4 kg ha-1).

Considering the shortage and high economic value of water, the reduction in rainfall and the occurrence of successive droughts in recent years, optimum use of water can allocate more land to irrigated cultivation in addition to achieving appropriate and economic performance. The results showed that the lack of water reduces all quantitative traits. Among the studied hybrids, SC703 had the highest forage yield per unit area. On the other hand, low irrigation treatment at the level of 75% of the total water requirement is recommended to achieve the highest water consumption efficiency in Gorgan region.

Different compounds of naphthalene acetic / indole acetic acid and humic acid have an important role in plant growth and development; therefore, an experiment was conducted in Shahid Salemi farm in Ahvaz in 2017-18 and 2018-19. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block statistical design with split plot-factorial in three replications. Experimental treatments include two hybrids of corn SC 704 and AS71 in the main plot and factorial treatments of hormone mixing ratio in three levels of control (without mixing), mixing naphthalene acetic / indole acetic acid in the ratio of 100/200 and 200/400 mg/kg and humic acid at three levels of control (without use), 500 and 1000 g/ha were compared in subplots. The results show that the application of 500 and 1000 g/ha of humic acid had a significant effect on all studied traits. The lowest amount was obtained in the control treatment or no consumption of humic acid. There was no significant difference between the consumption of 500 and 1000 g/ha of humic acid in all studied traits except grain yield, harvest index, and catalase enzyme. The highest grain yield in SC704 hybrids was observed in mixing ratios of 7391 and 7291 kg/ha, respectively. Also, the grain yield in AS71 hybrid in the mixing ratio of 200/400 mg of naphthalene acetic/indole acetic acid was not significantly different. The lowest grain yield was observed in AS 71 hybrid in control treatment at 5945 kg/ha. According to the results of this study, the use of hormones and humic acid can positively affect increasing the yield and morphological traits of corn. Seed yield was increased by improving plant growth, which can be attributed to the effect and role of hormones and the use of humic acid.

In order to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals, 15 selected Okra genotypes from the National Gene Bank of Iran were cultivated and evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2020-2021 crop year in the experimental research farm of the Seedling and Seed Breeding Research Institute in Karaj (Seed and Plant Improvement Institute).

After the plants entered the three-leaf stage, irrigation was done once every 5 and 10 days.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress on all measured traits, including plant height, fruit yield, biological yield, number of ripe fruits, weight of ripe fruit, diameter of ripe fruit, number of seeds per ripe fruit, 1000-seed weight, sugar, and protein content, was statistically significant. Under drought-stress conditions, the mean of all evaluated traits (except soluble sugars) was reduced. The highest fruit yield (12.06 tons per hectare) belonged to genotype 10, which decreased by 37.5% compared to the non-stress conditions of this genotype. Genotypes 1 and 12 had the least change in protein content, genotypes 4 and 6 had the least change in sugar content, and genotypes 9 and 11 had the least change in biological function.

Based on the results obtained from this experiment, the best genotype in terms of fruit yield was genotype 10, and in terms of biological function, genotypes 9 and 11 were recommended for use in areas with water shortages.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) feeds more than half of the world's population. Rice is considered a model plant in biological and agriculture field research due to its small genome compared with other plants. Storage proteins in the aleurone layer of rice seeds include albumin and globulin, as well as the endosperm, prolamin, and glutelin proteins. To determine the number of proteins and identify the protein spots between the tissues of two embryo samples and rice endosperm, the protein spots were matched according to their expression level in the images obtained from two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
The profile of proteins in the endosperm and embryo of rice seeds was determined using isoelectric focusing (IEF) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE) methods. The Image Master software was utilized to analyze the two-dimensional gels. Considering the importance of local rice consumption in Iran and the significant production of this economically important crop in the country, this study aimed to determine the diversity and differences in the expression of protein spots within the linear pH range of 4 to 7. The two-dimensional electrophoresis method was employed on the Hasan-Sarai variety of rice indigenous to the region of Guilan. For this research, the cultivar being examined was procured from the Guilan Rice Research Center. Subsequent stages of the experiment, including sample separation and total protein extraction, were conducted at the Payame Noor University laboratory in Asadabad. Ultimately, the protein samples obtained were sent to the Health Research Institute at the Faculty of Pharmacy, where two-dimensional electrophoresis was carried out using an isoelectric focusing device. Finally, the extracted protein samples were transferred to the Health Research Institute of the Faculty of Pharmacy to perform two-dimensional electrophoresis using an isoelectric focusing device.
Based on the results of the two-dimensional gel analysis, a large part of the protein spots are present in the pH range of 4 to 7. The analysis of protein profile based on standard proteins with specific molecular weight and isoelectric point indicates that embryo tissue and endosperm based on isoelectric point and molecular weight showed that 284 protein spots in the embryo and 123 protein spots in endosperm have been identified. Among the identified spots, 57 common protein spots showed increased and decreased expression between the two samples. The presence of remaining protein spots in the two samples showed a significant difference between protein content in the embryo and endosperm.
Image master software was used to determine the isoelectric point and molecular weight of protein spots and expression changes between common spots. Analysis was done in protein databases and possible proteins were identified in embryo tissue and endosperm. The proteins identified in rice endosperm and embryo tissue in two-dimensional electrophoresis included grain storage proteins, glutelin precursors, acidic and alkaline glutelins, globulins, prolamins, HSPs, and hypothetical proteins. Therefore, in this way, it is possible to identify the level of expression of proteins and also their biosynthetic pathways.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of some metal nanoparticles on some biochemical properties of lavender callus. ase in the amount of proline, soluble sugars, flavonoid and phenol. The highest amount of soluble sugars, flavonoids and phenols were obtained at the values of 8.46, 3.8, 3.02 and 79.35, respectively, in the treatment of simultaneous application of three nanoparticles. Based on the results, it was found that the content of soluble protein and the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes were positively affected by the application of metal nanoparticles, and the simultaneous application of iron and silver nanoparticles led to the highest amount of soluble protein at 0.2 units per gram. This was while the highest level of catalase (0.43 units/g/min) and peroxidase (0.4 units/g/min) enzymes were observed in the simultaneous application of all three nanoparticles and the simultaneous application of silver and zinc nanoparticles, respectively. Based on the results of this study, it was determined that the simultaneous application of metal nanoparticles with increasing the amount of non-enzymatic antioxidants and also increasing the activity of enzymatic antioxidants led to an increase in the health of cells and a decrease in the production of malondialdehyde, and by reducing the negative effects of oxidative stress in the plant, the conditions for An increase in the production of photosynthetic pigments is provided.

Seed pretreatment is one of the simple techniques that can increase seed vigor and seedling establishment, and thus plant yield. Seed pretreatment can be done with water (hydropriming), inorganic salts such as potassium nitrate (halopriming), and growth regulators such as salicylic acid (hormone priming) and ascorbic acid (vitamin priming). Another effective factor in producing strong seeds is proper nutrition of the mother plants. Proper nutrition of the maternal plant in the form of foliar sprays with essential elements leads to the production of high-quality seeds, which affects germination and yield. Considering the positive role of seed pretreatment in improving germination rate and seedling establishment, and increasing seed yield of various plants as a result of foliar application of growth regulators and inorganic salts, this experiment was conducted to study the effect of seed pretreatment and foliar spraying with salicylic acid, ascorbic acid and potassium nitrate on improving physiological and biochemical characteristics, yield and yield components of borage.

The experiment was conducted in 2017-2018 cropping year as a randomized complete block design with three replicates at Samian Ardabil Natural Resources and Medicinal Plants Research Farm. The experimental treatments were water pretreatment for 48 hours, seed pretreatment with ascorbic acid (0.85 mM) for 48 hours, seed pretreatment combined with foliar spray with ascorbic acid (0.85 mM), seed pretreatment with salicylic acid (4 mM) for 60 hours, seed pretreatment combined with foliar spray with salicylic acid (4 mM), seed pretreatment with potassium nitrate (20 mM) for 24 hours, seed pretreatment combined with foliar spray with potassium nitrate (20 mM), and control treatment (without seed pretreatment and without foliar spray of the maternal plant). Statistical analyses were performed using SAS software (Ver 9.1) and comparison of means was performed using the Duncan multiple range test at the 1 and 5 percent probability level.

The results showed that although pretreatment of seeds by improving growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics cause increased yield and yield components of borage but, seed pretreatment combined with foliar sprays had a greater effect on increasing yield components and flower and grain yield due to synergistic effects. The use of potassium nitrate as a seed pretreatment in combination with foliar sprays had the greatest effect on increasing the amount of photosynthetic pigments, caused a 2.3-fold increase in total chlorophyll and a 1.8-fold increase in carotenoids compared to the control treatment. The use of ascorbic acid as a seed pretreatment in combination with foliar sprays increased the amount of proline a 2.3 fold, leaf protein a 2.5 fold, and flower yield a 3.8 fold compared to the control treatment. Application of salicylic acid as a seed pretreatment in combination with foliar sprays by increasing the components of seed yield had the greatest effect in increasing grain yield and caused a 3.4-fold increase in grain yield compared to the control. Seed hydropriming showed the highest seed weight among the treatments with a 28% increase in 1,000-seed weight compared to the control treatment.

The results of this study indicate that both seed pretreatment and foliar sprays of maternal plants with growth regulators and chemical stimulants led to an increase in flower and grain yield in borage. This increase was achieved by enhancing the levels of photosynthetic pigments, the quantum efficiency of photosystem II, the accumulation of amino acids like proline, and soluble proteins in the leaves. These treatments also had a positive impact on various yield components. While seed pretreatment alone had a positive effect on borage yield and its components by improving the plant's growth, physiological, and biochemical characteristics, the combined use of ascorbic acid, salicylic acid, and potassium nitrate as seed pretreatment, along with foliar spray, had an even more pronounced positive effect. This was likely due to synergistic effects on the plant's physiological, biochemical, and yield traits.

Priming prepares the seeds physiologically and biochemically for germination before being placed in their bed and exposed to the salinity stress. In order to investigate the effect of different levels of chitosan on physiological and biochemical traits in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. CV. Sadri) under salinity stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2021. Factors included four salinity levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) and four chitosan levels (0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75% by weight-volume). The results showed that salinity stress decreased germination percentage (GP) and increased mean germination time (MGT) and residual dry weight (RDW). Chitosan reduced the effect of salinity and improved GP and Seedling Moisture Percentage (SMP). With increasing salinity, seed reserves utilization rate (SRUR), seed reserve utilization efficiency (SRUE) and deduction of used seed reserves (DUSR) decreased. The highest and the lowest of SRUR, DUSR and SR were obtained from the application of salinity levels of 50 and 150 Mm, respectively. The amount of SRUR, SRUE and DUSR in 0.75 chitosan priming was higher about 10.4, 9.6 and 7.2%, respectively, compared to the control treatment (priming with distilled water). SRUE and SR reduction was about 13.4 and 8.3%, respectively compared to the control without salinity. Also, the amount of Protein and Phytin in pretreatment with 0.75% chitosan and 0 mM salinity showed an increase about 30% and 47% compared to the control, respectively. In general, seed pretreatment with appropriate concentrations of chitosan especially 0.75% chitosan improves growth and reduces the adverse effects of salinity on the bean plant.

In order to study the production potential and competitive power of barley and vetch plants in the mixed cropping pattern under the influence of different planting patterns and the use of nitrogen fertilizer, an experiment was carried out in the 2017-2018 in two research stations of Sisab and Shirvan in North Khorasan province. The type of experimental design was a split plot based on a randomized complete block design, with the main factor including nitrogen fertilizer at three levels (zero, 50 and 100 kg/ha) and the sub-factor of different cultivation patterns at five levels (barley monoculture, vetch monoculture, Incremental ratios: 15, 30, and 45 increased the density of vetch to barley) and the cultivation was mixed and additive. The examined traits included: barley plant height, barley ash content, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), number of grains per barley spike, number of spikes per square meter of barley, weight of 1000 barley grains, barley protein content and barley grain yield. The results showed that the highest amount of barley ash was obtained in the 45:100 mixed crop treatment and in the 100 kg nitrogen fertilizer treatment, while the lowest amount of this trait was in the 100:15 mixed crop treatments and the pure barley crop, which was in the no nitrogen treatment. Was obtained. The highest yield of barley seeds was obtained in the pure cultivation of barley and in the nitrogen treatment of 100 kg/ha (1675 kg/ha), that related to Sisab region and the lowest yield was obtained in the mixed crop of 100:45 and the nitrogen fertilizer treatment (790 kg/ha) that related to Shirvan region. The highest amount of barley protein as well as the weight of 1000 grains was obtained in the treatments of 45:100 and pure cultivation of barley, which was obtained in the treatment of using 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. The index of land equality ratio in mixed cropping treatment of 100:45 and nitrogen fertilizer 50 kg had the highest value (LER=1.158) which was obtained in Shirvan region; which shows that 15.8% more land area is needed for the pure cultivation system to be able to produce a product equal to the product of the mentioned mixed system; Therefore, it seems that the best treatment among the investigated treatments is the 100:45 mixed cultivation treatment with a fertilizer level of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen.
The examined traits included: barley plant height, barley ash content, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), number of grains per barley spike, number of spikes per square meter of barley, weight of 1000 barley grains, barley protein content and barley grain yield. The results showed that the highest amount of barley ash was obtained in the 45:100 mixed crop treatment and in the 100 kg nitrogen fertilizer treatment, while the lowest amount of this trait was in the 100:15 mixed crop treatments and the pure barley crop, which was in the no nitrogen treatment. Was obtained. The highest yield of barley seeds was obtained in the pure cultivation of barley and in the nitrogen treatment of 100 kg/ha (1675 kg/ha), that related to Sisab region and the lowest yield was obtained in the mixed crop of 100:45 and the nitrogen fertilizer treatment (790 kg/ha) that related to Shirvan region. The highest amount of barley protein as well as the weight of 1000 grains was obtained in the treatments of 45:100 and pure cultivation of barley, which was obtained in the treatment of using 100 kg of nitrogen per hectare. The index of land equality ratio in mixed cropping treatment of 100:45 and nitrogen fertilizer 50 kg had the highest value (LER=1.158) which was obtained in Shirvan region; which shows that 15.8% more land area is needed for the pure cultivation system to be able to produce a product equal to the product of the mentioned mixed system; Therefore, it seems that the best treatment among the investigated treatments is the 100:45 mixed cultivation treatment with a fertilizer level of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen.

 Among the macro-elements needed for plants, potassium has a fundamental role, such as osmotic adjustment, maintaining turgor pressure, stomatal function, enzyme activity, protein synthesis, oxidant metabolism, photosynthesis, and resistance to environmental stresses (humidity and heat) at the end of the dryland wheat growth period. Although about 80% of the potassium required by the plant is provided by diffusion, because the diffusion of potassium ions in dry soil is reduced 100 times compared to wet soil, therefore, with water limitation and moisture stress conditions, the absorption of this element by the plant is significantly reduced. Therefore, to solve the limitations of the absorption of this element through the roots in the conditions of moisture stress and heat at the end of the season, the present experiment was carried out by spraying potassium compounds on dryland wheat at different stages of growth.        

 The experiment was conducted on dryland wheat (Rijaw cultivar) as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Dryland Agricultural Research Sub-Institute during the 2021-2022 cropping seasons. The factor of the growth stage in the main plots included pregnancy (booting stage), the beginning of flowering, and the spraying factor with four levels in the sub-plots included the control treatment (without spraying), potassium sulfate solution spraying at a concentration of 1%, potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) at a concentration of 1% and potassium sulfate at a concentration of 1% + 1% urea. The volume of spraying solution for each experimental treatment in a sub-plot with an area of 100 square meters was calculated for 500 liters per hectare. It was performed after adding the spraying soap (surfactant) in cool and calm weather (wind speed less than 8 km/h) before 9 am. 

 The main effect of foliar application time on biological yield, grain yield, yield components, straw yield, and percentage of protein and potassium of Rijaw wheat grain was insignificant. However, the main effect of foliar spraying on biological yield, grain yield, the thousand seeds' weight, the number of seeds per spike, and seed protein percentage were significant. The highest biological and grain yield were obtained from foliar application of 1% potassium sulfate with values of 4495 and 1604 kg/ha, respectively, which, despite the difference of 365 and 248 kg/ha, had not significantly different from the biological and grain yield of potassium dihydrogen phosphate as foliar application. The lowest biological yield and grain yield were also related to the control treatment with values of 3588 and 1175 kg/ha, respectively. Foliar spraying of different potassium compounds could increase the thousand seed weight and the number of seeds per spike by 4.5 grams and six seeds, respectively. The highest increase for thousand seeds weight with 40 grams was attributed to potassium sulfate + urea foliar spraying and the highest number of seeds per spike with 32.5 seeds was allocated to potassium sulfate foliar application, which did not show a significant difference with potassium sulfate + urea foliar application. The interaction effect of foliar application time with different foliar application treatments was also significant only on seed potassium percentage. The highest increase in seed protein percentage of 4.8 units was related to potassium sulfate treatment, which was not significantly different from the other two treatments of potassium sulfate + urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. 

 Overall, the foliar application of potassium compounds increased the grain yield by 211 kg per hectare. As grain yield and protein percentage among the tested treatments have increased, foliar application of potassium sulfate is recommended. 

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) belongs to the Amaranth family and is native to the Andes. In recent decades, the cultivation of this plant has extended. One of the reasons for paying attention to this plant is its ability to adapt to harsh climatic conditions. It has a higher protein content than wheat, barley, corn and rice. On the other hand, plant seeds supply all the essential amino acids (including lysine, methionine and cysteine) needed by humans. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of salinity stress on the amount of micronutrients and protein percentage in quinoa seeds.

An experiment was planted as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications on August 7, 2017. Experimental treatments included three superior genotypes (Sadough, Titicaca and NSRCQB). Genotype in sub-plot and irrigation water salinity at 3 levels of 2, 10 and 17 dS/m were located in the main plot. Finally, grain yield, saponin content (foam height), grain size and amount of micronutrients in grain and grain protein percentage were measured after saponification.

The effect of salinity stress on 1000-grain weight, grain yield, grain size (1.7-2, 1.4-1.7 mm), foam height, iron, zinc, calcium content and protein yield were significant. Sadough cultivar had the highest 1000-seed weight and grain yield. Sadough and Titicaca cultivar had the highest percentage of large seeds and small seeds, respectively. With increasing salinity, seed yield of Titicaca cultivar decreased by 13% per unit increasing irrigation water salinity, while in Sadough and NSRCQB genotypes, there was no significant difference with non-saline level. With increasing salinity, the lowest foam height was related to NSRCQB genotype. The interaction effect of salinity stress and genotype on grain yield, foam height, percentage of iron, zinc, calcium, protein and protein yield was significant. With increasing salinity, iron content in Titicaca cultivar, zinc content in all three genotypes, nitrogen in Sadough and NSRCQB, calcium in Titicaca, protein percentage in Sadough and NSRCQB increased significantly compared to non-saline conditions. With increasing salinity, the highest increase slope among micronutrients was related to grain. Protein yield in Sadough and NSRCQB cultivars was not affected by salinity increase, while in Titicaca cultivar decreased by 13% per unit of irrigation water salinity.

With increasing salinity up to 10 dS/m, the seed yield of three quinoa genotypes was not affected and this plant is recommended for exploitation of saline water resources. Sadough cultivar was the best among the three genotypes. The percentage of micronutrients iron, calcium, zinc and grain protein increased under saline conditions and despite the decrease in grain yield, the protein yield per square meter was not affected. The rate of increase in micronutrients and decrease in yield with increasing salinity of irrigation water is affected by genotype. Since the quantity and quality of quinoa seeds are not affected by water salinity, it can be effective in improving food security in marginal areas.