جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ایران » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Comparing the genetic diversity of HLA molecules among various ethnic groups in Iran can assist in providing suitable strategies for sourcing hematopoietic stem cell donors for Iranian patients. The objective was to compare two prevalent allelic groups in the overall population of Iran, specifically HLA-B*35 and HLA-B*51, across different Iranian ethnicities

In this descriptive study, the determination of HLA-B alleles was conducted at low resolution level using the PCR-SSP method. Ethnic data and HLA information were collected and analyzed from the Arab ethnicity (n=370) as well as the Gilak (n=510), Lur (n=465), and Kurdish (n=719) ethnic groups. The relationship between alleles and ethnicity was examined, and a chi-square statistical method was employed to assess the significant relationship between the allele frequencies.

The Frequencies of HLA-B*35 among the Lur, Gilak, Arab, and Kurdish populations were recorded as follows: 20.22%, 22.75%, 11.35%, and 19.61%, respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of HLA-B*51 was noted as 18.28%, 9.31%, 9.32%, and 17.52%. The overall frequencies observed in the general population of Iran in this study were 19% for HLA-B*35 and 14.2% for HLA-B*51. Furthermore, the frequencies for the two mentioned allelic groups in the studied ethnicities showed significant differences (P<0.05).

Although HLA-B*35 and HLA-B*51 exhibited the highest frequencies at the HLA-B gene locus in the overall population and the ethnic groups, the differences in the frequencies among the ethnicities were significant. This study highlights the high genetic diversity of HLA-B within the studied ethnic groups.

Social accountability and educational justice is one of the important subjects of the comprehensive program of justice, excellence, and productivity emphasizing early exposure and training in appropriate areas of society. This study was conducted to evaluate the new model of community-based education in general medicine.

The present study was an evaluation using the context, input, process, and product (CIPP) model conducted in 2021 at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. The study population included all students who had completed this course, and convenience sampling was used. The data collection tool was a researcher-developed questionnaire based on the CIPP evaluation model, which was used after validation and reliability testing. The data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed at two levels: descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation (SD), and inferential statistics, including one-sample t-test and paired t-test.

Holding this course was necessary from the learners’ viewpoint (6.26 ± 3.63 from 10). The mean evaluation score in the context field was 2.97 ± 1.20, in the input 2.96 ± 0.87, in process 3.05 ± 1.05, and in the output was 2.85 ± 1.19, which were not significantly different from the average. The highest average in the context field was "Course objectives did not overlap with other courses" (3.24 ± 1.17), in the input was "The cooperation of the staff of the health centers in each comprehensive educational health service center was appropriate" (3.63 ± 1.18), in the process was "The presence of learners in comprehensive health service centers does not disrupt the process of providing services to clients" (4.27 ± 1.19), and in the output was "After completing the course, I realized that my job isn’t only to treat patients" (3.06 ± 1.39).

The subjects rated the status of all four areas as moderate. The design of the course was above average, the execution and evaluation of the course was considered average, and revision was considered necessary. The findings suggest that evaluations should be done continuously, and actions should be taken to address weaknesses and enhance strengths.

Retraction is a process used to correct literature and serves as a warning to readers about publications containing serious flaws or erroneous data. Given that the medical sciences focus on human health, any inaccurate findings can pose significant risks. Analysis of the MEDLINE/PubMed database revealed a concerning trend: over the past five years (2019-2023), there has been a notable increase in retractions of articles in the field of Iranian medical sciences. Consequently, it is advisable for more medical universities to prioritize this issue. By investigating incidents, identifying their root causes, and enforcing stringent regulations, these institutions can proactively prevent such occurrences.

By implementing the health reform plan in the field of occupational health, the focus is on improving the health levels among workers in small workshops and industries. The purpose of this study was to compare the functional indicators of occupational health services before and after the implementation of the health reform plan in the area covered by the health center of Isfahan Province, Iran.

This descriptive-analytical research was conducted on the performance indicators of occupational health units of 23 city health centers in Isfahan Province. The years 2015 and 2018 were considered as the periods before and after the implementation of the reform plan. SPSS software was utilized for data analysis, and descriptive statistics methods were employed for research descriptions.

The implementation of the health reform plan led to increase in the number of workshops and workers covered by inspection. The number of workshops in which control measures have been taken increased in the field of noise and harmful chemical factors. In the field of lighting, radiation (IR & UV), and ergonomics, there was a decrease.

The implementation of the health reform plan has been able to identify and cover many workshops. However, the health reform plan has not been able to meet the expectations of the health hazard control agents. Therefore, this plan requires changes in the field of controlling harmful agents in workplaces in Isfahan Province.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between mental health, eating attitudes, and the amount of weight loss in obese and overweight individuals.

The design of the study was cross-sectional. The statistical population consisted of obese and overweight individuals who visited nutrition clinics in Rasht City, Iran. A total of 420 participants were included in the study, comprising 378 women with an average weight of 79.99 ± 15.91 kg, height of 161.67 ± 5.98 cm, age of 39.59 ± 11.15 years, and body mass index (BMI) of 30.88 ± 3.06 kg/m2, as well as 42 men with an average weight of 100.31 ± 23.59 kg, height of 175.07 ± 9.75 cm, age of 38.45 ± 11.35 years, and BMI of 32.75 ± 4.20 kg/m2. The participants were selected using convenience sampling method. Data were collected using online questionnaires that included Carner's Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) and Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Data analysis was conducted using Pearson's correlation coefficient test and regression modeling in SPSS software.

There was a significant relationship between mental health (r =- 0.18, P < 0.001) and eating attitude (r = 0.10, P = 0.030) with the success rate in weight loss. The relationship between mental health dimensions, including physical condition (r =- 0.19, P < 0.001), anxiety (r =- 0.11, P = 0.018), and social function (r = -0.16, P = 0.001) was significant with weight loss. The relationship between the components of eating attitude, including oral control (r = 0.21, P < 0.001) and desire to eat (r =- 0.12, P = 0.009) with success in weight loss was significant.

Higher mental health, as well as a better level of eating attitude, was associated with greater weight loss success in obese and overweight people referred to nutrition clinics. Therefore, paying attention to these factors will increase the probability of success in weight loss.

Clostridium difficile (Clostridioides difficile) is known as one of the main causes of pseudomembranous colitis and is considered an important enteropathogen in humans. Antibiotic use has been introduced as one of the most significant risk factors contributing to the prevalence and incidence of “Clostridium difficile nosocomial infection”. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and genetic diversity of Clostridium difficile in semi-cooked ready-to-eat products in stores of Isfahan Province in Iran.

A total of 240 samples of semi-cooked ready-to-eat products, including potato kuku, herb kuku, cordon bleu, and chicken nuggets (each 60 samples), were randomly collected from stores of Isfahan Province between July 2020 and February 2021. Clostridium difficile was identified by culturing the samples in Clostridium difficile moxalactam norfloxacin. To determine the characteristics of the toxins, tcdA and tcdB genes were detected through multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR). The antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates was determined based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. The results were analyzed using chi-square test in SPSS software and P-value was considered significant at 0.05.

37 samples were infected with Clostridium difficile. The contamination rate was 13.3%, 20.0%, 11.6%, and 16.6% in potato kuku, herb kuku, cordon bleu, and chicken nugget, respectively. The highest contamination was related to the semi-cooked herb kuku product. TcdA and tcdB gene toxins were identified in 15 and 17 isolates of Clostridium difficile, respectively. Among Clostridium difficile strains, the highest level of resistance was seen for ampicillin and penicillin antibiotics, and the highest sensitivity was related to chloramphenicol and metronidazole.

Semi-cooked ready-to-eat products can be considered as potential sources of antibiotic-resistant Clostridium difficile. Thus, complete cooking process of semi-cooked ready-to-eat foods at appropriate temperature and time (85° C and 30 minutes) and following hygiene principles in food processing plants can prevent the probable gastrointestinal infections caused by strains of Clostridium difficile in consumers.

As health resources face increasing constraints, the use of medical imaging services has risen significantly. On average, diagnostic services account for approximately 10% of total healthcare expenditures, and this figure is steadily increasing. This study aims to identify the causes of irrational utilization of medical imaging services and propose corrective measures.

This descriptive-survey research was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a comprehensive literature review was performed using both international and national databases, covering the period from 1990 to November 2021. Relevant studies were identified using specific keywords. In the second phase, a semi-structured questionnaire was developed, and a series of in-depth interviews with experts and professionals were conducted. Data were analyzed using the six-step thematic approach by Braun and Clarke, utilizing MAXQDA software.

A total of 605 studies were initially identified, of which seven met the inclusion criteria after rigorous screening. In the second phase, 12 in-depth interviews were conducted, yielding 65 codes, which were organized into 12 themes. The identified themes included legal issues, conflict of interest, monitoring challenges, poor governance and stewardship, inappropriate policymaking and planning, financial incentives, inadequate service provision infrastructure, health culture, education and continuous training systems, financing and purchasing services, political factors, and inadequate insurance systems. Various strategies for controlling the inappropriate use of diagnostic and therapeutic services were proposed, including policy interventions, monitoring and evaluation, and training.

The irrational use of healthcare services is a significant challenge in many countries. Key contributing factors include incomplete insurance coverage, out-of-pocket payments by patients, defensive medical practices, and gaps in knowledge. Addressing these issues requires targeted interventions and reforms.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and diseases with respiratory symptoms in gatherings such as schools have the potential to escalate into an epidemic. Given the absence of any approved specific treatment for these diseases, prevention remains the only viable approach. This study aimed to investigate the impact of messages rooted in the extended parallel process model (EPPM) on the perceptual dimensions and preventive behaviors related to COVID-19 among girl students in primary schools in Borkhar City, Iran, in 2021.

This randomized controlled educational trial was conducted on 300 elementary students in Borkhar City using a random sampling method. The data collection tool utilized was a researcher-made questionnaire. Students were divided into two intervention groups (intervention through posters and based on the EPPM for teaching prevention behaviors against infectious respiratory diseases such as COVID-19) and one control group.

In the first group of intervention (threat group), after the intervention, the mean scores of attitude (P = 0.030), behavior (P = 0.001), and intention (P = 0.007) variables showed a significant increase compared to before the intervention. In the second group (efficiency group), after the intervention, the mean scores of variables related to denying the authenticity or value of the message (P = 0.001), defensive avoidance (P = 0.027), self-efficacy (P = 0.017), and fear (P = 0.042) also showed a significant increase compared to before the intervention.

In general, posters containing information about threats based on the EPPM had a greater impact on perceptual dimensions and preventive behaviors against infectious respiratory diseases like COVID-19. The application of the EPPM was effective in creating perceived intensity and sensitivity towards performing preventive behaviors, as well as in enhancing the attitude, intention, and behaviors of the group studied.

Plague is an important and serious zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. This study is a narrative review. The required data for the research were gathered through a search in search engines such as Google Scholar and international scientific databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Elsevier, and Lilacs, as well as Persian databases like the Barakat Knowledge Network System (Barakatkns), the Scientific Information Database (SID), the Iranian Medical Library (Medlib), and Civilica. The search was conducted using both Persian and English keywords, including "Plague," "Yersinia pestis," "Plague outbreak," "Flea," and "Control," through individual and combined searches over a period from 1974 to June 2024. In the present article, the agents and types of plague, its transmission methods, diagnostic approaches, the status of plague in the world and Iran, fleas in Iran, and methods for prevention and control of the disease will be discussed. This disease has caused three major historical pandemics, including the Black Death in the 14th century, which claimed millions of lives in Europe, Asia, and Africa and profoundly affected the populations of the impacted countries. Recently, the highest number of human plague cases has been reported from Madagascar. The main vector of the disease in humans is known as Xenopsylla cheopis worldwide. In Iran, records of human plague date back to the past. Climate change and ecological shifts may influence the distribution of plague vectors and hosts, increasing the risk of its resurgence even in areas where the disease is currently dormant. In Iran, increasing interactions between human communities and wildlife, along with changes in agricultural practices influenced by climatic factors, could facilitate the spread of the plague. Reports of the pathogen in rodents and dogs in western Iran (Kurdistan and Hamadan) underscore the significance of the potential re-emergence of plague in the region. There are three clinical forms of this disease bubonic, septicemic, and pulmonary. The most common type of plague is bubonic plague, which occurs following the bite of a flea that has previously fed on an infected animal. It presents with symptoms including fever, headache, chills, weakness, fatigue, and swollen, inflamed lymph nodes. Delayed treatment increases the risk of mortality associated with the disease. Plague, with a history of horror and devastation, remains a global health challenge. Understanding the current situation of this disease and reviewing its prevention and control is very important to prevent its re-emergence.
Considering the current plague situation in Iran, there is a need for continuous monitoring and more detailed studies on the ecology of vectors, as well as the development of effective strategies for disease control and prevention. International cooperation in scientific research and exchanging information about plague outbreaks and control strategies are among the other effective approaches in this field. Finally, strengthening the health infrastructure and developing educational programs for the community is one of the most important requirements to prevent the spread of plague and other infectious diseases in Iran.

Culicidae plays a crucial role in the spread of diseases like Malaria and arboviral diseases such as Japanese Encephalitis, Zika virus, Chikungunya, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, and West Nile fever. Different mosquito species have different abundance and distribution due to a variety of factors, such as physicochemical factors, weather conditions, vegetation, and human activities. The characteristics of larval habitats are among the factors affecting the population, and diversity, and determining the preferred breeding places of the species. For this reason, a study was conducted to examine the species diversity of Culicidae and their larval habitats in Shushtar County.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in Shushtar County from the central, Mian Ab and Shuaibiya districts, 2021. Larvae were collected from the breeding places in the sampling areas including Noormohammadi, Konarpir, Saheli, Abu Gerva, and Pirdalu by using the dipping technique in spring and summer and kept in lactophenol solution. Then, a microscopic slide was prepared from the samples using licidophor, which were identified with valid diagnostic keys. Characteristics of larval habitat such as habitat type, water condition, vegetation, substrate type, water quality, and light condition were also recorded. To analyze the data and determine the relationship between the frequency and characteristics of larval habitats, SPSS version 16 software and a chi-square statistical test were used. Qualitative variables were also reported as numbers (percentages). Abundance and distribution maps of samples were prepared using ArcGIS software version 10.5.

In this study, a total of 527 larvae were identified, including five species of Anopheles stephensi, Culex pusillus, and Cx. sinaiticus, Cx. theileri and, Cx. Perexiguus. Anopheles stephensi with the lowest frequency (8.48%) was reported only from the Saheli area. This species was collected from temporary, stationary, without vegetation, mud substrate, cloudy water, sunny, and natural habitats. Culex theileri, one of the important vectors of arboviral diseases, was observed in temporary and natural habitats, stagnant waters without vegetation, and cloudy and sunny waters habitates. Culex pusillus was the only species observed in Pirdalo and Abu Gerva. By examining the larval habitats of Culicidae in Shushtar County, Cx. pusillus was the most abundant collected species, from temporary habitat (82.7%), stagnant waters (73.6%), mud substrate (100%), turbid waters (78.6%), natural (95%), and sunny (82.7%). Also, the abundance of collected larvae in temporary habitats, stagnant waters, in areas with vegetation, and mud substrate was high. Besides, it was more abundant in turbid waters and sunny areas, and these differences were statistically significant (P<0.0001).

In this study, Cx.pusillus was the most common species, while An. stephensi was the least common abundance among collected species. It was observed significant difference between this species and the type of habitat, water flow, vegetation, water quality, and light conditions. Conducting more comprehensive studies in this field, especially regarding the possible role of different species of Culicidae, helped to solve the health and medical problems of humans and veterinary medicine in the future.

Scientometrics is used to identify existing study gaps, discover the future research directions, investigate fundamental trends and implement the necessary policies in a specific field of knowledge. Considering the key role of environmental factors in the health trends and the varyingburden of diseases in the country, this study was conducted with the aim of performing scientometric analysis of the role of environmental health in the prevention and control of diseases related to environmental factors in Iran.

Bibliographic information related to scientific documents indexed in the Web of Science database until September 12, 2022, was analyzed and visualized using Citespace and Biblioshiny software.

A total of 1,212 documents were retrieved. These documents were published in 629 sources with the participation of 8,461 authors. The average publication year of the documents was 2010. The top three ranks of organizational affiliations were as follows: Tehran University of Medical Sciences (747 documents), Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (436 documents), and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (393 documents). Iran's cooperation network with other countries indicates substantial joint researchbetween Iran and the main countries in this network. Over time, the co-occurrence network of keywords has evolved from outcomes (such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, etc.) to environmental exposure factors, especially air pollutants, heavy metals, and food-borne pathogens factors. Risk assessment has also been a category of interest in recent years.

Scientometric analysis showed that environmental health studies in prevention and control of diseases related to environmental factors in Iran are young and still progressing. In the early years, studies were mainly focused on diseases as an outcome, while in recent years, they have focused more on exposure factors or environmental pathogens. It is suggested that the future studies based on the retrieved keywords should be more mission-oriented and the priority of solving the problems of environmental pollutants affecting people's health in the country based on the extent and scope of the problems of each province should be considered by policy makers and researchers.

As the subject of environmental health knowledge trains specialized and dedicated human resources and offers the quality and quantity of human resources needed for environmental health, future research and foresight are particularly crucial. This study examines research and educational facilities in the field of environmental health in terms of the presence of expert human resources and the development of facilities. This study addressed educational and research centers in the field of environmental health in terms of its development and the presence of expert human resources.

This descriptive cross-sectional research was conducted in 2018-2019. First, a description of the ten areas of higher education has been presented and information related to indicators such as the presence of health faculty, the number of professors and research centers has been presented in the form of tables and figures. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software.

The findings indicated that there are regional differences in the proportion of faculty members to the total population. This ratio was lower in regions 5 and 10, but was significantly higher in region 8 compared to the national average (4.5 persons per million people). Also, the eastern provinces had a high number of environmental health student training centers. There were differences in the number of environmental health research facilities across different regions, and some provinces had none at all. The highest number of people working with environmental health degrees was found in region 5, while the lowest number was found in region 7.

The findings showed that the development of education should be based on related factors, including population, and the environmental health facilities and priorities of each of the regions should be the basis of educational-research center development, student admission, and attracting faculty members and expert staff in order to be more productive in the field of environmental health engineering.

Identifying the epidemiological aspects of central nervous system (CNS) tumors is the first step in implementing management protocols to control the condition of these tumors. We aimed to examine the epidemiology and histopathology of both benign and malignant tumors of the CNS in one of the referral and university centers in the east of Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on all files of patients admitted to Qaem Hospital in Mashhad City, Iran, in a period of 10 years from March 2009 to February 2018 with a definitive diagnosis of benign or malignant tumors of the CNS, including tumors of the brain, cerebellum, spinal cord, or meningeal membranes. Information sources included the patients' physical files and the hospital information system (HIS). The statistical software SPSS version 28.0 for Windows (IBM SPSS, Armonk, New York, USA) was used for the statistical analysis.

In total, 775 patients with benign and 771 patients with malignant CNS tumors were included in the study. Regarding epidemiological aspects of benign tumors, the incidence rate of women was almost twice that of men (68.47% versus 31.53%), with an overall average age of 45.31±19.81 years. The most common benign tumors were meningioma (72.77%), followed by schwannoma (13.67%). Regarding malignant brain tumors, the mean age of affected patients was 36.64±19.67 years, with males accounting for 53.04% of cases and females for 46.96%. The most frequent type of tumor was glioblastoma (32.68%), followed by diffuse astrocytoma (16.47%). Both benign and malignant CNS tumors were associated with significant hospital mortality; in-hospital mortality rates for benign and malignant tumors were 10.1% and 17.5%, respectively. Tumor type and its grade were the main determinants of early death in malignant CNS tumors.

The epidemiological characteristics of benign and malignant tumors in our study community were similar to the reports presented in other communities. Knowledge of these characteristics provides the possibility of managing patients and reducing morbidity and mortality related to these tumors.

Researches show that limited models have been designed to measure the maturity of digital transformation in libraries, however, no valid and reliable tool has been provided to measure the maturity of digital transformation in academic libraries so far. Identifying the factors affecting the maturity of digital transformation and managing its correct use in the libraries of medical sciences universities is of particular importance in improving the efficiency and effectiveness and as a result, the success and growth of the libraries. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to compile and validate a suitable tool to determine the factors affecting the maturity of digital transformation in the libraries of medical sciences universities.

The type of qualitative (exploratory) study was based on the plan of developing the tool, which was carried out in two phases: in the first phase, to collect information related to the identification of factors affecting the maturity of digital transformation, the meta-composite method was used under “ Sandelowski and Barroso's model. Then, in the second phase of the Delphi method, the factors were localized and adapted to the topic. The intended community in the met composite section was all related sources from reliable databases, with 82 sources. After extracting, screening, and considering the input and output criteria of the researchers, 41 Persian and Latin sources were selected. The statistical population in the Delphi phase included 15 professors and experts in the field of digital maturity and digital technologies in universities of medical sciences who were selected in a non-probable and purposeful way according to the criteria for entering the research (relevance of work experience and organizational position and field of study of the experts to the subject research, conflict with the discussed issue, having at least 5 years of work experience) as samples. The measurement tool was a structured questionnaire of 69 questions created by the researcher, which was compiled by reviewing the previous findings and then sent to the experts in two stages with the help of the fuzzy Delphi technique, and finally 61 final questions were obtained.

In this research, based on the findings of the meta-combination section, 69 primary categories for the maturity of digital transformation were identified first by reviewing the literature and backgrounds. Then, in the next step, a relationship was established between these categories, and they were categorized into 13 items. Then, the identified main categories were divided into 2 general categories (internal and external factors). Then, for quality control, the validity and internal reliability of check methods were used. The size of the Kappa coefficient (0.78) in this research indicated the good internal reliability of the obtained results. Finally, for validation, the developed tool was provided to the members of the Delphi panel, which had 15 members. After two stages of fuzzy Delphi and after making corrections and removing irrelevant items (8 items) and the agreement score of experts in the rest of the factors (61 items), it was observed that the disagreement of experts in the first and second steps did not have a significant difference and the agreement score of experts in all commons was more than 70%; therefore, the survey was stopped in the second stage, and all factors were confirmed. The results of the fuzzy Delphi analysis led to the confirmation of 61 items of the digital transformation maturity questionnaire in the libraries of medical sciences universities in 2 main components (inter-organizational factors and extra-organizational factors) and 13 subcomponents.

The developed tool provides researchers with criteria for determining the state of maturity for digital transformation in the libraries of medical sciences universities. The discovered factors include 10 internal organizational factors (digital culture development, digital infrastructure development factor, new technology infrastructure development factor, human resources development factor, management resource development factor, digital strategy development factor, digital support factor, organizational rules and regulations factor, financial resources factor and experience development factor (digital users) and 3 components of extra-organizational factors (collaboration and support of upstream and academic institutions, the factor of development of national culture in the field of digital transformation and the factor of national laws and regulations) which can be used as a suitable tool to measure the maturity of digital transformation in libraries.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an old issue that is presently measured as a significant challenge. The present survey was aimed to assess the genetic diversity of M. tuberculosis strains isolated from patients with TB in Karaj, Iran.

Seventeen M. tuberculosis isolates from 2012 to 2013 were collected and subjected to an IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (IS6110-RFLP) analysis. Demographically, 6 females and 14 males who had Iranian citizenship were included in this study.

Sixteen different genetic types were obtained after enzymatic digestion and RFL analysis. Copy numbers of IS6110 in each isolate ranged from 0 to 12. The majority of isolates (66%) harbored copy numbers between 6 and 12. Each isolates harbored 6.9 copies of the IS6110 marker. Nine isolates harbored 10 to 12 copies of the IS6110 marker, 5 isolates harbored 6 to 10 copies, and 2 others harbored copies less than 6. No copy of IS6110 was found among the 4 isolates. No relationship was found between gender and copy numbers.

The high genetic diversity found amongst the M. tuberculosis isolates maybe show different sources of infection and the importance of reemerging of the TB. However, further surveys should perform to assess other molecular epidemiologic aspects of M. tuberculosis in Iran.

Due to the spread of dengue fever in several provinces of the country and its dangerous complications, along with the possibility of its occurrence in other provinces, there is an increasing need for awareness and preventive measures. The rise in travel to northern provinces due to summer holidays and the approaching Arbaeen pilgrimage, combined with the movement of nationals from Pakistan and Afghanistan traveling to Iraq, presents additional risks. The presence of Aedes mosquitoes in some provinces further exacerbates the situation. Thus, understanding dengue fever becomes crucial to mitigate its impact.The purpose of this article is to familiarize medical professionals with dengue fever and its complications, providing them with the necessary knowledge to diagnose, manage, and prevent the disease effectively.

This review article is based on an extensive internet search of reputable sources, including the WHO, CDC, Sid, PubMed, and Google Scholar, as well as library resources. The data collection for this article was carried out in 2024, ensuring the most recent and relevant information is included.

Dengue fever, identified as an emergency by the World Health Organization, is a significant public health concern. This article covers various aspects of the disease, including its clinical symptoms, causative agent, vector, and diagnostic methods. Additionally, the epidemiology of dengue fever globally and in Iran, the disease reservoir, incubation period, mode of transmission, and at-risk groups are discussed in detail. Prevention and control measures, patient management, and the management of contacts and the environment are also addressed. Special considerations for dealing with this disease are highlighted to provide comprehensive guidance for medical professionals.

The transmission method of dengue fever involves the Aedes mosquito, which thrives in the relatively suitable climate of many parts of the country. With the increase in travel to areas where the disease is prevalent, there is a heightened risk of its spread. Therefore, it is essential to implement effective prevention strategies and proper training for healthcare providers. Educating the public and medical personnel about the disease recognition, symptoms, and preventive measures is crucial to curbing its spread. Ensuring timely and accurate diagnosis, coupled with effective patient and contact management, can significantly reduce the impact of dengue fever. The country’s healthcare system must be prepared to handle potential outbreaks, emphasizing the importance of vigilance and proactive measures in preventing the spread of this dangerous viral disease.

Dengue fever, an arboviral disease primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, poses a significant public health concern globally. Key vectors, such as Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Aedes cinereus, are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, affecting over 140 countries. These species are also found in Iran, particularly in the southern, southeastern, and northern regions. Diagnosing dengue fever presents challenges, including differentiating it from other febrile illnesses and recognizing early warning signs of severe dengue. Symptoms typically include acute fever, warning signs of severe illness, and potential complications. The clinical progression of dengue includes three phases: the febrile phase, critical phase, and recovery phase. A comprehensive understanding of clinical manifestations, prognostic indicators, diagnostic algorithms, and laboratory methods is crucial for accurate diagnosis, risk assessment, and effective disease management. Given the absence of specific antiviral treatments or vaccines for dengue, supportive care and symptomatic treatment remain essential. This narrative review discusses the management of dengue fever, focusing on supportive care, fluid management, antipyretic and analgesic medications, and antiviral treatments. Additionally, it reviews potential future treatment strategies and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and prompt medical intervention in improving patient outcomes. The study also explores immunological targets, vaccine platforms, clinical trials, and future prospects for dengue vaccination. Furthermore, it presents prevention strategies targeting Aedes mosquitoes and outlines the challenges that lie ahead. By adopting a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach, we can pave the way for advancements in the prevention and control of dengue fever related to Aedes mosquito transmission. Continued research efforts, innovative collaborations, and public health training are vital to combat dengue fever and reduce its burden on affected populations worldwide.

 Health professional workers, including nurses, need continuous in-service training due to the rapid growth of the health industry, competition, diverse and numerous needs of customers. High-quality and effective courses guarantee the competency of staff and efficiency and productivity of organizations. The aim of this study is reviewing the effectiveness of in-service training courses for nurse according Kirkpatrick model.

 This is a review of existing literature based on a systematic search, focusing on published studies on the effectiveness of in-service training for nurses in Iran in the period of 2009-2022. Scopus, PubMed, google scholar and Google search engines, Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology, Magiran databases, Scientific Information Database were searched. Data analysis was performed with a qualitative approach and content analysis method.

 45 articles in the initial search and 3 articles in manual review of references were identified. After initial assessment 11 articles include in final analysis. Based on the findings, in-service training in general have been relatively effective. This effectiveness is mostly focused on the first and second level, i. e. reaction and learning, and it has not been very successful in terms of improving skills and performance.

 policymakers and managers in the field of human resources should revise the current approach in employee training, take measures at all levels to improve the process, content, methods of training and evaluation, as well as incentive strategies for participation in courses with a special focus on improving their effectiveness.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are rising health issues. Evidence highlighted the potential for an increased risk of PCOS among females with DM across various locations and ethnicities. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of PCOS among Iranian females with and without DM.

In this population-based cross-sectional study, eligible females were selected from participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). For this study, females with complete data were selected from Phase VI (2016–2018) of TLGS. The logistic regression model was used.

At first, 4435 women with definite information about PCOS status were included, women with unclear diagnoses of DM and PCOS were excluded, and finally, 2867 were included in the study. Then, they were divided into two categories, Under 40 years and over 40 years. Among females without DM aged <40 years, 28.3%, and among those with DM aged <40 years, 53.7% had PCOS. Among participants with DM, PCOS patients were younger and had better fasting blood glucose levels. Using logistic regression for PCOS risk from a logistic regression model in participants, it was found that among patients with and without DM, increasing age decreased the odds of PCOS by 85% and 42%, respectively. On the contrary, among participants without DM, a family history of DM increased the risk of PCOS (odds ratio [OR] = 1.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.006 to 1.49, p=0.04).

The prevalence of PCOS was not significantly different between subjects with and without DM in our population.

 Care receivers in the family physician program have specific rights that should be seriously taken into account by the health system. Identifying these rights and defining them precisely and clearly is essential for accurate information, continuous monitoring and evaluation, and the creation of an efficient system to ensure compliance.

 This mixed study (review-qualitative) was conducted in two steps. First, a narrative review of published articles related to the rights of care receivers in Iran’s family medicine program from 2005 to 2022 was carried out. Subsequently, a meeting was conducted with a group of seven experts from relevant fields to gather their insights for the development of the document outlining the rights of care receivers.

 The review of published articles showed that people’s awareness of their rights is not enough, and this awareness has a positive relationship with education and age. People’s positive attitude towards the rules of urban family medicine program in small cities is 2.5 times higher than in big cities. The combination of the results from the review and expert’s views led to the drafting of a document about the rights of care receivers in the family physician program, which includes 12 rights: safety, effective and uncomplicated services, continuity of service, dignity and respect, effective communication, pleasant service environment, privacy protection, comment and complaint, service provider choice, access to service, and participation in decision-making and their details.

 The drafted document can serve as a policy document for the beneficiaries of family physician program in Iran, leading to care receivers satisfaction and high-quality services.