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interpolation

در نشریات گروه پزشکی
  • Zahra Miryousefiaval, Abbasali Zamani, Younes Khosravi*
    Background

    This aimed to compare the interpolation of lead and zinc concentration at the National Lead and Zinc Corporation using Landsat satellite and laboratory data to introduce an optimal interpolation method.

    Methods

    After collecting the laboratory data, geostatistical approaches were applied to model the spatial distribution of lead and zinc, including radial basis functions, inverse distance weighting, and ordinary kriging (Gaussian, spherical, exponential, and circular). Estimation accuracy was evaluated by cross-validation and MAE, MBE, and RMSE diagnostic statistics.

    Results

    The Gaussian model had the lowest error and was the optimal method for modeling lead and zinc. After investigating the correlations between the Landsat 5 satellite bands and soil element concentrations, the spatial distribution of lead and zinc was re-zoned in the ArcGIS software. In both methods, estimation accuracy was evaluated by cross-validation and MAE, MBE, and RMSE diagnostic statistics.

    Conclusion

    The MAE and RMSE of the satellite data of lead were 38.36 and 91.73, while they were 52.93 and 74.57 for zinc, respectively. The experimental data of lead were 53.04 and 125.18while they were 108.15 and 239.25 for zinc, respectively. The accuracy of the satellite data in the interpolation of the investigated elements had lower error and higher accuracy.

    Keywords: Soil contamination, Interpolation, National lead, zinc co., Landsat satellite
  • Kazhal Masroor, Farzad Fanaei, Somayeh Yousefi, Mohammad Raeesi, Hossein Abbaslou, Abbas Shahsavani*, Mostafa Hadei
    Introduction

    Estimating air pollution levels in areas with no measurements is a major concern in health-related studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the amount of exposure to particulate matter below 2.5 μ (PM2.5) in the metropolis of Tehran.

    Materials and methods

    The hourly concentrations of PM2.5 during 2017-2018 period were acquired from the Department of Environment (DOE) and Air Quality Control Company of Tehran (AQCC). The hourly concentrations were validated and 24-h concentrations were calculated. Inverse distance weighting (IDW), Universal Kriging, and Ordinary Kriging were used to spatially model the PM2.5 over Tehran metropolis area. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Error (ME) were used to measure and control for the accuracy of the methods.

    Results

    The results of this study showed that RMSE and MENA values in Kriging method was less than the IDW, which indicates that the Kriging was the best method to estimate PM2.5 concentrations. According to the final map, the highest annual concentrations of PM2.5 were observed in the southern and southwestern areas of Tehran (districts 10, 15, 16, 17, and 18). The lowest exposure to PM2.5 was found to be in districts 1, 2, 3, 6, and 8.

    Conclusion

    It can be concluded that Kriging method can predict spatial variations of PM2.5 more accurately than IDW method.

    Keywords: Exposure, Interpolation, Particulatematter, Ambient air pollution, Geographic information system (GIS)
  • Maghsoud Sarebani, MohammadBagher Shiran*, Ahmad Bitarafan Rajabi, Fereidoon Rastgoo, Zahra Ojaghi Haghighi, Ali Abbasian Ardakani
    Background

    Cardiac echocardiography and cardiac ECG-gated single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are the most common modalities for left ventricle (LV) volumes and function assessment. The temporal resolution of SPECT images is limited and an ECG provides better temporal resolution. This study investigates the impact of frame numbers on images in terms of qualitative and quantitative assessments.

    Methods

    In this study, 5 patients underwent echocardiography and cardiac ECG-gated SPECT imaging, and 5 standard views of the LV were recorded to determine LV walls boundaries and volumes. Also, 2 original images with 8 frames and 16 frames per cardiac cycle were recorded simultaneously in a single gantry orbit. Using the data extracted from the LV model, 8 extra new frames were created with interpolation between existing frames of the original 8-frame image. Three series of images (8 and 16 original and 16 interpolated) were reconstructed separately. LV volumes and ejection fraction (EF) were calculated using Quantitative Gated SPECT (QGS) software.

    Results

    Compared to the original 8-frame gating, original 16-frame gated images resulted in larger end-diastole volume (EDV) (mean ± SD: 68.6 ± 27.11 mL vs 66.2±25.41 mL, p<0.001), smaller end-systole volume (ESV) (mean ± SD: 24.6±8.7 mL vs 26±7.3 mL, p<0.001), and higher EF (64% vs 60.2%, p<0.001). The results for the interpolated series were also different from the original images (closer to the original 16-frame series rather than 8-frame).

    Conclusion

    Changing the frame number from 8 to 16 in cardiac ECG-gated SPECT images caused a significant change in LV volumes and EF. Frame interpolation with sophisticated algorithms can be used to improve the temporal resolution of SPECT images.

    Keywords: SPECT, Echocardiography, Interpolation, End-diastole volume (EDV), End-systole volume (ESV), Ejection fraction (EF)
  • Akbar Eslami, Seyed Mehdi Ghasemi
    Introduction
    Air pollution is one of the important issues in developing countries, due to increased population and industrialization. In this research, the spatial distribution of ambient air concentration such as CO, NO2, SO2, PM2.5, PM10, O3 and Air quality Index (AQI) in Tehran city in 2015 were evaluated using different deterministic ( inverse distance weighted, local polynomial, global polynomial, radial basis functions) and geostatistical (Kriging, Cokriging) methods.
    Materials and methods
    Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Error (ME) using cross-evaluation methods were used to control the accuracy of the interpolation. To find the secondary variables in the cokriging method, the Pearson coefficient of each pollutant was calculated with another pollutant.
    Results
    The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that all data followed normal distribution. Also the results indicated that in most cases, geostatistical methods were the best methods to estimate ambient air concentration. Finally, after selecting the best interpolation method, the zoning map of the pollutant was drawn with ArcGIS.
    Conclusion
    The results of 71 methods showed that in most cases, the geostatistical method is better than the deterministic method
    Keywords: Air pollution, Tehran, Interpolation, Zoning, Cross-evaluation
  • Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush, Sara Jamshidi, Mohammad Javad Zare Sakhvidi, Mohammad Miri
    Introduction
    The present study aimed to compare the performance of two widely-used models for spatial assessment of particulate matter less than 10 microns (PM10) in ambient air of Yazd city. Finally, effective factors on concentrations of pollutants and corresponding standards were investigated.
    Materials And Methods
    A number of 13 sampling stations were employed in different areas of Yazd to sample PM10 within two seasons of winter and spring of 2012 and 2013. PM10 was measured by HAZ-DUST EPAM-5000 particulate air monitor. In order to assess the efficiency of Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) models for PM10 zoning, the statistical Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and %RMSE methods were used in the Arc GIS software version 10.1.
    Results
    The highest (297 µg/m3) and lowest concentrations (35.8 µg/m3) of PM10 in spring were found in high-traffic historical regions and low-traffic suburban areas, respectively. High-traffic and historical regions had higher levels of PM10 compared to other regions. Given the values of RMSE and %RMSE indicators, Kriging interpolation method was better for zoning of the pollutant PM10 in both winter and spring.
    Conclusion
    According to higher concentration of PM10 compared to WHO standard values particularly in spring, necessary actions and solutions should be taken for the pollution reduction. This study indicated that Kriging model has a better efficiency for spatial analysis of suspended particles, compared to IDW method.
    Keywords: Suspended Particles, Interpolation, Kriging Model, Geographic Information, System, Yazd City.
  • Athiyaman Mayilvaganan, Hemalatha Athiyaman, Arun Chougule, Kumar Hs
    Introduction
    To estimate the accuracy levels of Lagrange, Newton backward interpolation, and linear interpolation methods in estimating the output factors for square fields used in linear accelerator for 6 MV photons at various depths.
    Materials And Methods
    Ionization measurements were carried out in radiation field analyzer in linear accelerator for 6 MV beams at the depths of 5 and 10 cm by 0.6 cc Farmer-type ionisation chamber. Dosimetry was performed by ion collection method with 0.5 cm2 interval for square fields from 4 × 4 cm2 to 40 × 40 cm2 field sizes. The measured output factor values for 10 square field sizes with equal interval were taken for interpolating the intermediate square field size values. The Lagrange and Newton backward methods were used for predicting the intermediate output factors.
    Results
    The percentage of deviation from the measured value was estimated for all the three methods. The calculated output factor values of the two proposed methods were compared with the standard linear interpolation method used in routine clinical practice. It was observed that the Lagrange and Newton backward methods were not significantly different from the measured value (P=0.77). The linear interpolation values were significantly different from the measured value (P
    Conclusion
    It is recommended to use the Lagrange and Newton backward interpolation methods to estimate the intermediate output factors to increase accuracy in treatment delivery. The routine linear interpolation method can be applied only for small intervals. This proposed interpolation method is highly associated with the measured values in all the interval levels.
    Keywords: Field Size, Interpolation, Linear Accelerator, Output factor
  • سعیده محمدی کاجی، محمد جواد زارع سخویدی*، ابوالفضل برخورداری، مهرداد مستغاثی، فریبا زارع سخویدی، رضا قربانی، رضیه سلطانی گردفرامرزی
    مقدمه
    مواجهه گرد و غبار در هوای تنفسی، از جمله عوامل زیان آور شایع محیطی در کارگاه ها بوده که می تواند تاثیرات مخربی بر سلامت داشته باشد. در این مطالعه، مواجهه کارگران با ذرات در هوای استنشاقی با شیوه های مرسوم و همچنین GIS مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است.
    روش بررسی
    پژوهش به صورت مقطعی-تحلیلی، انجام و حجم نمونه از طریق گروه های مواجهه همگن(SEG) تعیین و ارزیابی مواجهه محیطی و فردی بر اساس روش های استاندارد و شیوه نمونه برداری فردی و محیطی انجام گردید. داده های به دست آمده با استفاده از نرم افزار GISبرای تعیین نقشه های توزیع بررسی گردید.
    نتایج
    میانگین غلظت مواجهه با گرد و غبار برای هر فرد در گروه های مواجهه همسان mg/m3 61/8 ارزیابی شد. بالاترین سطح مواجهه فردی در اپراتور پودرساز با مقدار mg/m313/21 و کمترین در اپراتور مفتول ریز با مقدار mg/m3 97/1 برآورد گردید. حداقل غلظت محیطی در سالن برش( mg/m305/0) و حداکثر مقدار آن در سالن پودر( mg/m322) برآورد گردید. نتایج حاصل از ارزیابی با معیارهای AIHA در تمام روش ها نشان داد که سالن های پودر سازی، مواد سازی و بسته بندی بالاترین غلظت و سالن برش پایین ترین غلظت گرد و غبار را دارد. مقایسه با روش GIS نشان داد که در شیوه مذکور، تعداد افراد بیشتری در ناحیه خطر دسته بندی می گردند.
    نتیجه گیری
    استفاده از شیوه SEG می تواند در ارزیابی مواجهه تنفسی در صنایع با تعداد نفرات بالا مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.GIS در غربالگری آلودگی هوای محیط کار از طریق ارائه مجموعه خدمات از جمله امکان گروه بندی به نواحی مختلف، ایجاد گزارش بر اساس نقشه نقش مهمی ایفا می نماید.
    کلید واژگان: سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، ارزیابی مواجهه، آلودگی هوا، بهداشت حرفه ای، درون یابی
    S. Mohammadi Kaji, Mj Zare Sakhvidi*, A. Barkhordari, M. Mostaghaci, F. Zare Sakhvidi, R. Ghorbani, R. Soltani Gerdefaramarzi
    Introduction
    Inhalation exposure to dust is one of the most common adverse environmental factors that can have adverse effect on the health of employees. In this study, dust inhalation exposure of workers with different methods as well as GIS was investigated.
    Methods
    An analytical cross-sectional study was performed on the sample size based on results of homogeneous exposure groups (SEG). Environmental and personal exposure assessments were performed according to standard methods and personal and environmental sampling. The collected data were analyzed based on American industrial hygiene association (AIHA), and then analyzed by using GIS software for mapping the distribution.
    Results
    The average dust exposure by each individual among the workers within homogeneous exposure groups was 8.61 mg/m3. The highest exposure by each individual was 21.13 mg/m3 that belonged to pulverizer operator and the lowest was 1.97 mg/m3, which was belonged to fine wire operator. The lowest environment concentration was observed in the cutting salon (0.05 mg/m3), and the highest values found in powder salon (22 mg/m3). Exposure management based on AIHA methods showed that the powder, packing and preparation sections have the highest concentration, and cutting section has the lowest values. Exposure management based on GIS techniques showed higher number of at risk employees in comparison with common strategies.
    Conclusion
    Use of SEG practices in combination with GIS can enhance the quality of respiratory exposure assessment in occupational environments. GIS plays an important role in the screening of air pollution in the working environment by providing a set of services including the possibility of classification into different areas and creating a report based on the map.
    Keywords: GIS, Exposure Assessment, Air Pollution, Occupational Health, Interpolation
  • راضیه چرخکارزاده، زهرا درخشان، محمد میری *، محمدحسن احرامپوش، محمدحسن لطفی، وحید جعفری ندوشن
    زمینه و هدف
    تحقیقات انجام شده نشان داده است که وجود فلوئور در آب آشامیدنی در محدوده استاندارد میتواند در پیشگیری از پوسیدگی دندان کمک کند. در عین حال غظلت بالاتر از حد مجاز آن در آب شرب موجوب بیماری فلوئورزیس دندانی و استخوانی می شود. با توجه اهمیت میزان فلوئور در آب آشامیدنی و همچنین توانایی سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی در تحلیل مکانی عوامل مختلف موجود در آب های زیر زمینی در این مطالعه غلظت فلوئور در دشت یزد-اردکان با استفاده از دو مدل IDW(Inverse Distance Weighting) و کریجینگ مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است.
    مواد و روش ها
    در این مطالعه از داده های مربوط به وضعیت کیفی آب های زیر زمینی شرکت آب منطقه ای استان یزد و میانگین سالیانه فلوئور در سال 1393 استفاده گردیده است. داده های مذکور مربوط به 76 حلقه چاه روستایی و 107 حقله چاه شهری در محدوده مورد بررسی بود. میزان فلوئور موجود در آب های زیرزمینی مناطق روستایی و شهری پس از مقایسه با استاندارد ایران، در محیط نرم افزار Arc GIS مورد تحلیل مکانی با دو روش درون یابی IDW و کریجینگ قرار گرفت .
    نتایج
    میانگین غلظت فلوئور در مناطق روستایی برابر با 68/0 میلی گرم در لیتر و در مناطق شهری برابر با 7/0 میلی گرم در لیتر بود. با توجه به حداقل و حداکثر غلظت فلوئور و انحراف از معیار 364/0 نواسانات غلظت فلوئور در مناطق روستایی بیشتر بود. برای هر دو منطقه روستایی و شهری روش درون یابی کریجینگ شرایط بهینه تری را نسبت به روش IDW داشت.
    نتیجه گیری
    ساکنین مناطق جنوبی دشت یزد اردکان با مشکل کمبود فلوئور در آب آشمامیدنی و خطر پوسیدگی دندان بیشتری مواجه هستند و باید مدیریت لازم در این مناطق صورت گیرد. روش های زمین آمار میتواند کمک شایانی به درک بهتر مسایل زیست محیطی نمایند.
    کلید واژگان: غلظت فلوئور، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، درون یابی، آب آشامیدنی
    Razieh Charkhkarzadeh, Zahra Derakhshan, Mohammad Miri *, Mohammad Hasan Ehramposh, Mohammad Hasan Lotfi, Vahid Jafari Nodoshan
    Background And Objective
    Studies have shown that the presence of standard amount of fluoride in drinking water can prevent tooth decay. Meanwhile, higher concentration than permitted amount in drinking water causes bone disease and dental fluorosis. Given the importance of fluoride in drinking water and also GIS ability in spatial analysis of various factors in the groundwater, in this study the concentration of fluoride in the plain of Yazd-Ardakan has been investigated using two IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) and Kriging models.
    Materials And Methods
    In this study, the data on the water quality of underground water of Yazd Regional Water Company and the average annual fluoride in 2014 were used. The data were related to 76 rural wells and 107 urban wells in the studied area. The rate of fluoride in groundwater in rural and urban areas was compared to the standard amount in Iran and then was analyzed via Arc GIS software using IDW and Kriging interpolation methods.
    Results
    The mean concentration of fluoride was 0.68 mg/l in rural areas and 0.7 mg/l in urban areas. With regard to the minimum and maximum concentrations of fluoride and standard deviation of 0.364, fluoride concentration fluctuations in rural areas were higher than urban areas. For both rural and urban areas Kriging interpolation method was more efficient than IDW method.
    Conclusion
    The residents of southern districts of Yazd-Ardekan are more facing the shortage of fluoride in drinking water and the risk of tooth decay and necessary management should be done in these areas. Geo-statistical methods can greatly help understand environmental issues.
    Keywords: fluoride concentration, geographic information systems, interpolation, drinking water
  • منصوره دهقانی، حسن هاشمی، محمد مهدی تقی زاده، ابراهیم راستگو
    مقدمه
    هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر، تعیین الگوی پراکنش گاز فرمالدهید در شهر زرقان به روش غیر فعال، با استفاده از نرم افزار GIS (Geographic information system) بود.
    روش ها
    در این مطالعه مقطعی، گاز فرمالدهید در 10 ایستگاه مختلف توسط نمونه برداری غیر فعال اندازه گیری شد. نمونه برداری در یک فصل و به مدت 14 روز انجام شد. سپس، به کمک نرم افزار ArcGIS، در نقاط دیگر شهر به روش های مختلف نزدیک ترین همسایگی (Nearest neighbor یا NN)، Kriging و IDW (Inverse distance weighting) درون یابی صورت گرفت.
    یافته ها
    در اطراف صنایع شیمیایی فارس و سینا غلظت فرمالدهیدμgm-3 1/38 بود. درون یابی ها با GIS نشان داد که بسته به جهت وزش باد تا فاصله 1400 متری از منبع، غلظت این آلاینده در حد مجاز μgm-3 10 می باشد.
    نتیجه گیری
    تعیین غلظت فرمالدهید با درون یابی به روش نزدیک ترین همسایگی مناسب تر بود. در هنگام پدیده وارونگی دمای صبحگاهی (Morning inversion)، در شرایط پایدار هوا در اطراف کارخانه، غلظت فرمالدهید چندین برابر حد میانگین بود. با وجود ارتفاعات اطراف شهر، غلظت فرمالدهید در مناطق مسکونی شهر زرقان و دودج در زمان نمونه برداری در حد استاندارد بود.
    کلید واژگان: فرمالدهید، سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS)، نمونه برداری غیر فعال، درون یابی
    Mansooreh Dehghani, Hassan Hashemi, Mohammad Mehdi Taghizadeh, Ebrahim Rastgoo
    Background
    The aim of this study was the determination of formaldehyde dispersion pattern in Zarghan, Iran, through passive sampling and using geographic information system (GIS) software.
    Methods
    In this cross-sectional study, passive sampling method was used to measure the concentration of formaldehyde at 10 stations. Sampling was conducted in one season for the duration of 14 days. Formaldehyde concentration in other areas of the city was interpolated in ArcGIS software using nearest neighbor (NN), inverse distance weighting (IDW), and Kriging methods.
    Findings: The results showed that formaldehyde concentration near Fars Chemical Industries Co. (FCICo.) and Sina Chemical Industries Co. (SCIC) was 38.1 μgm-3. Interpolation using GIS showed that the concentration of this pollutant, based on the direction of the wind, at a distance of 1400 m from the source was at the standard limit of 10 μgm-3.
    Conclusion
    NN interpolation was the most suitable method for determination of formaldehyde concentration. During morning inversion and when the weather is in stable conditions, the concentration of formaldehyde around the chemical industry was several times higher than the average limit. In spite of the mountains surrounding the city, formaldehyde concentration in residential areas of Zarghan and Dudag, Iran, was at the standard limit.
    Keywords: Formaldehyde, Geographic information system (GIS), Passive sampling, Interpolation
  • راضیه چرخکارزاده، زهرا درخشان، محمد میری *، محمدحسن احرامپوش، محمدحسن لطفی، وحید جعفری ندوشن
    زمینه و هدف
    تحقیقات انجام شده نشان داده است که وجود فلوئور در آب آشامیدنی در محدوده استاندارد میتواند در پیشگیری از پوسیدگی دندان کمک کند. در عین حال غظلت بالاتر از حد مجاز آن در آب شرب موجوب بیماری فلوئورزیس دندانی و استخوانی می شود. با توجه اهمیت میزان فلوئور در آب آشامیدنی و همچنین توانایی سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی در تحلیل مکانی عوامل مختلف موجود در آب های زیر زمینی در این مطالعه غلظت فلوئور در دشت یزد-اردکان با استفاده از دو مدل (IDW(Inverse Distance Weighting و کریجینگ مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است.
    مواد و روش ها
    در این مطالعه از داده های مربوط به وضعیت کیفی آب های زیر زمینی شرکت آب منطقه ای استان یزد و میانگین سالیانه فلوئور در سال 1393 استفاده گردیده است. داده های مذکور مربوط به 76 حلقه چاه روستایی و 107 حقله چاه شهری در محدوده مورد بررسی بود. میزان فلوئور موجود در آب های زیرزمینی مناطق روستایی و شهری پس از مقایسه با استاندارد ایران، در محیط نرم افزار Arc GIS مورد تحلیل مکانی با دو روش درون یابی IDW و کریجینگ قرار گرفت.
    نتایج
    میانگین غلظت فلوئور در مناطق روستایی برابر با 68/ 0 میلی گرم در لیتر و در مناطق شهری برابر با 7/ 0 میلی گرم در لیتر بود. با توجه به حداقل و حداکثر غلظت فلوئور و انحراف از معیار 364/ 0 نواسانات غلظت فلوئور در مناطق روستایی بیشتر بود. برای هر دو منطقه روستایی و شهری روش درون یابی کریجینگ شرایط بهینه تری را نسبت به روش IDW داشت.
    نتیجه گیری
    ساکنین مناطق جنوبی دشت یزد اردکان با مشکل کمبود فلوئور در آب آشمامیدنی و خطر پوسیدگی دندان بیشتری مواجه هستند و باید مدیریت لازم در این مناطق صورت گیرد. روش های زمین آمار میتواند کمک شایانی به درک بهتر مسایل زیست محیطی نمایند.
    کلید واژگان: غلظت فلوئور، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی، درون یابی، آب آشامیدنی
    Razieh Charkhkarzadeh, Zahra Derakhshan, Mohammad Miri *, Mohammad Hasan Ehramposh, Mohammad Hasan Lotfi, Vahid Jafari Nodoshan
    Background And Objective
    Studies have shown that the presence of standard amount of fluoride in drinking water can prevent tooth decay. Meanwhile, higher concentration than permitted amount in drinking water causes bone disease and dental fluorosis. Given the importance of fluoride in drinking water and also GIS ability in spatial analysis of various factors in the groundwater, in this study the concentration of fluoride in the plain of Yazd-Ardakan has been investigated using two IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) and Kriging models.
    Materials And Methods
    In this study, the data on the water quality of underground water of Yazd Regional Water Company and the average annual fluoride in 2014 were used. The data were related to 76 rural wells and 107 urban wells in the studied area. The rate of fluoride in groundwater in rural and urban areas was compared to the standard amount in Iran and then was analyzed via Arc GIS software using IDW and Kriging interpolation methods.
    Results
    The mean concentration of fluoride was 0.68 mg/l in rural areas and 0.7 mg/l in urban areas. With regard to the minimum and maximum concentrations of fluoride and standard deviation of 0.364, fluoride concentration fluctuations in rural areas were higher than urban areas. For both rural and urban areas Kriging interpolation method was more efficient than IDW method.
    Conclusion
    The residents of southern districts of Yazd-Ardekan are more facing the shortage of fluoride in drinking water and the risk of tooth decay and necessary management should be done in these areas. Geo-statistical methods can greatly help understand environmental issues.
    Keywords: fluoride concentration, geographic information systems, interpolation, drinking water
  • سیدعلی المدرسی، زهرا درخشان *، محمد فرامرزیان، محمد میری، محمدرضا شکوهی
    مقدمه
    تعیین کیفیت آب در مدیریت منابع آب از اهمیت خاصی برخوردار بوده و پایش و پهنه بندی آن به عنوان یک اصل مهم در برنامه ریزی ها باید مد نظر قرار گیرد، همچنین روش شولر جهت تعیین کیفیت آب آشامیدنی یک امر متداول است.
    روش کار
    در این تحقیق، تعیین کیفیت آب شرب در طول دروه آماری 1384 تا 1393 با استفاده از مدل سازی شولر و به کمک روش درون یابی کریجینگ در محیط GIS مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. برای انجام این مطالعه از نمونه های آنالیز شیمیایی جمع آوری شده از چاه ها و قنوات حوزه دشت یزد – اردکان استفاده شد. همچنین جهت تعیین کیفیت آب از نمودار شولر برای طبقه بندی کیفیت آب شرب بهره گرفته شد.
    نتایج
    نتایج حاصل از این مطالعه نشان داد که کیفیت آب شرب از جنوب غربی این دشت به طرف شمالی شرقی کاهش پیدا می کند. تقریبا 30% مناطق تحت بررسی در شرایط خوب و قابل قبول قرار دارند. همچنین کیفیت آب آشامیدنی 57% مناطق در شرایط ضعیف و نامطلوب قرار داشته و 13% مابقی با کیفیت متوسط در میان منطقه مورد بررسی قرار داشت.
    نتیجه گیری
    تنها راهکار عملی و کاربردی محافظت از منابع آب زیرزمینی و جلوگیری از کاهش سطح آبخوان ها استفاده صحیح و اصولی و داشتن برنامه های مدون می باشد.
    کلید واژگان: سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS)، کیفیت آب شرب، نمودار شولر، درونیابی، پهنه بندی
    Sayyed Ali Almodaresi, Zahra Derakhshan *, Mohammad Faramarzian, Mohammad Miri, Mohammad Reza Shokouhi
    Introduction
    Determining the quality of water is particularly important in water resources management, and monitoring and zoning it are considered as a significant principle to be taken into account in planning. Schuller method is the commonest way to determine the quality of water. The present study was conducted in order to determine the quality of drinking water using Schuller modeling with the help of Kriging interpolation method in GIS environment.
    Materials and Methods
    In the present study, Schuller modeling and Kriging interpolation method were utilized Geographic Information System (GIS) environment in order to determine the quality of water during the statistical period of 2005 to 2014. In so doing, chemical analyzed samples retrieved from the wells and aqueducts of Yazd-Ardakan plain were used. To determine the quality of water, Schuller diagram was utilized in order to classify the quality of drinking water.
    Results
    The results of the study indicated that the quality of drinking water reduces as we move from the southwest to the northeast of the plain. Approximately 30% of the studied area was in good and acceptable condition in regard with the quality of drinking water. Also, about 57% of the study area had poor quality drinking water, i.e. water with inappropriate and totally unpleasant quality and 13% of the map of drinking water quality is devoted to average quality, which is located in the central area.
    Conclusion
    Only principled way to prevent dangerous consequences of the water table decline is the correct and systematic use of water.
    Keywords: Geographic Information System (GIS), Drinking Water, Schuller Diagram, Interpolation, Zonation
  • Parvin Dehghani, Behzad Shahmoradi, Ata Amini, Mohammad Sedigh Sabeti
    Corrosion in general is a complex interaction between water and metal surfaces and materials in which the water is stored or transported. Water quality monitoring in terms of corrosion and scaling is crucial, and a key element of preventive maintenance, given the economic and health hurts caused by corrosion and scaling in water utilities. The aim of this study is to determine the best model for zoning and interpolation corrosive potential of water distribution networks. For this purpose, 61 points of Sanandaj City distribution network were sampled and using Langelier indices, we investigated corrosivity potential of drinking water. Then, we used geostatistical methods such as ordinary kriging (OK), global polynomial interpolation, local polynomial interpolation, radius-based function, and inverse distance weighted for interpolation, zoning and quality mapping. Variogram analysis of variables was performed to select appropriate models. The results of the calculation of the Langelier index represented scaling potential of drinking water. Suitable model for fitness on exponential variogram was selected based on less (residual sums of squares) and high (R2) value. Moreover, the best method for interpolation was selected using the mean error and root mean square error. Comparison of the results indicated that OK was the most suitable method for drinking water quality zoning.
    Keywords: Water Quality, Inverse Distance weighted, Kriging, Radius-Based Function, Zoning, Interpolation, Corrosivity, Sanandaj
  • Dr R. Taghizadeh, Dr M. Zare, Mr S. Zare
    Background
    Noise pollution and workers'' noise exposure are common in industrial factories in Iran. In order to reduce this noise pollution, evaluation and investigation of noise emission are both necessary. In this study, different noise mapping methodsare used for determining the distribution of noise.
    Materials And Methods
    In the present study, for preparing a noise map in a hall of an industrial factory, sampling was carried out in 6×6 m grid. After data normalization the variogram was developed. For interpolation of mentioned parameter, kriging and Inverse Distance Weighting methods were used. The best model for interpolation was selected by cross validation and error evaluation methods, such as Route Mean Square Error (RMSE).
    Results
    The results showed that kriging method is better than other methods for prediction of noise property. The noise map was prepared, using the best interpolation method in Geographical Information System environment.
    Conclusion
    Workers in this industrial hall were exposed to noise which is mainly induced by noisy machines. Noise maps which were produced in this study showed the distribution of noise and, also revealed that workers suffer from serious noise pollution.
    Keywords: Noise Pollution, Interpolation, Industry
  • Mohsen Safdari, Alireza Karimian, Mohammad Reza Yazdchi
    Introduction
    In CT imaging, metallic implants inside the tissues cause metal artifact that reduce the quality of image for diagnosis. In order to reduce the effect of this artifact, a new method with more appropriate results has been presented in this research work.
    Materials And Methods
    The presented method comprised of following steps: a) image enhancement and metal areas extraction, b) sinogram transform of original image, c) metal segments and metal traces inside the sinogram transform of original image segmented by using Fuzzy C means, d) interpolation of metal traces inside the original image sinogram and filtering, and e) adding the image of metal parts to the filtered image to obtain the corrected image.
    Results
    Fifty CT scan images from Alzahra Hospital in Isfahan were used to evaluate the proposed method. The proposed method was applied to images which had implants in regions such as femur, hip, tooth, brain, and stomach. The results showed an intensively reduced in metal artifact and quality improvement of images till 90% for accuracy, compared with the radiologist report.
    Conclusion
    The proposed method reduced the effect of metal artifact by maintaining the specification of other tissues. Furthermore, the consumed time to process the suggested algorithm in this study was less than conventional methods. For instance, the consumed time for CT image, including a metal in the femur region was about 20% of the conventional method.
    Keywords: CT scan, Interpolation, Metal Artifact
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