Investigating and Criticizing the Courses of the Subject of  Rhetoric in Javaher Al-Balaghah in Comparison to the Old Eloquence Textbooks

The eloquence such as grammar and syntax were created، at first، for understanding the secrets and mysteries of holy Quran and its rhetorical miracle aspects by considering the Quran and also the ignorance verses; but they were gradually applied in other poetry and prose in Arabic texts and compiled in the forms of coherent rules and finally this process caused the existence of valuable books. One of these valuable books was Javaher Al-balaghah، written by Sayyed Ahmad Hashemi، which was used as the best textbooks in teaching the eloquence. Hence it has been published many times. In spite of what is mentioned، the book، similar to any other human written works، has some defects and inaccuracies. It is investigated and shown in the present article that some of definitions and the expressions of the book are insufficient or inaccurate according to educational courses of old books in the field of Arabic eloquence in the three title of eloquence-simile، metonymy and allegory. The investigation illustrated that the writer، in case of rhetorical subjects، did not define some expressions but the major inaccuracies and deficiencies of the book are related to the writer’s examples in which the readers can realize his negligence even after a little thinking and comparing to the other testifiers of the book.