A Symbolic Overview and Analysis of Islamic Calligraphy (Figured Lines) in Animal Motifs

The art of bookbinding harmonizes the link between various varieties of calligraphy and by which it reaches perfection. Calligraphists applied innumerable arts and techniques to embellish words in order to create lasting masterpieces and this gradually became a personal interest. This act reached a peak where artist endeavors to create visual images instead of calligraphic art. The main purpose of this study is to review the unique techniques of creating shapes and patterns including motifs of birds, trees, flowers and geometrical designs from open and closed lines, knots and ties of letters, words or phrases. The small number of remaining figured calligraphy and its scattered distribution were among the main limitations of this study. However, as the results indicate, 226 sample items extracted from Arabic and English calligraphy books were found. After the distribution of the related questionnaires and the collection of all 226 samples, a smaller number of artworks were dwelled upon due to the limited scope of the paper. The final conclusion of this study confirms that figured calligraphy is filled with symbolism and mysticism. In general, in Islamic art, particularly Islamic calligraphy, verbal expressions are limited and language is incapable of expressing spiritual outcomes. Figured calligraphy never occupied its place as an ornamental feature; however it endured specific characteristics and accompanied Quranic verses and deep theological meanings rooted from human beliefs.