Relationship between Cigarette and Hookah Smoking with Individual, Family and Social Factors in Adolescents

Considering the prevalence of cigarette and hookah smoking among adolescents and the need to identify the components and dimensions of such behaviors, this study was conducted to determine the predictors of smoking cigarette and hookah among students due to designing appropriate and effective interventions.
Using a cluster random sampling method, 201 male students were selected from highschool in Najaf Abad city, Isfahan. The selected students were evaluated by the revised risk and protective factors of drug use questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analyses.
The results of correlation coefficient showed that there was significant positive correlation between cigarette smokings in the lifetime and all 12 components risk profile. Also, drug use and hookah smoking in the lifetime were related with hopelessness, social skills, sensation seeking, parental attitudes to drug use, monitoring, family and sense of commitment to school. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that components of attitudes to drug use, parental attitudes to drug use and impulsivity predictive variance explain the 55 percent of cigarette smoking. Also, attitudes toward drug use and sensation seeking pridicted 19 percent of variance of the hookah smoking, and attitudes toward drug use, social skills, family conflict and parental attitudes to drug use pridicted 17 percent of variance of tend to cigarette smoking and, finally, attitudes toward drug use, family monitoring and chaotic social environment pridicted 19 percent of variance of tend to hookah smoking.
According to the results, one can say that the prevalence of hookah and cigarette smoking in adolescents are increasing and the starting age is decreasing. The hookah and cigarette smoking by adolescents is a multi-factor and multi-level phenomenon, and the major factors for their determining exist at multiple levels of individual, social and family, which should be considered for intervention, prevention, an control of cigarette and hookah.