Constitutionalist Ulama: From the Beginning of the Movement to the Death of Akhund Khorasani

This paper is an attempt to study the role of Constitutionalist ulama and religious authorities (led by Ayatollah Mullah Muhammad Kazem Akhund Khorasani) in facing political crises and problems of constitutional system of Iran, from conquest of Tehran in 1909 until the death of Ayatollah Akhund Khorasani in 1911. Descriptive-analytical-historical method has been used to study the issue. The Shiite Ulama and authorities in this sensitive and difficult period were considered most effective supporters of the Iranian constitutional movement and play a very important role in defending the achievements of the Constitutional movement and warding off the crises, facing the domestic problems, and fighting the aggression of and intervention of Russia and Britain in various aspects of the state affairs. Due to the sudden death of Ayatollah Akhund Khorasani, Iranian Constitutional system lost its most important supporter, among Ulama and Shiite authorities.