The Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Vesicles in Regenerative Medicine

Mesenchymal stem cells are pluripotent cells characterized by self-renewal and the stromal multilineage differentiation potency. These cells play an important role in tissue homeostasis through direct cell-cell interaction and release of various growth factors and cytokines. Vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells rich in various growth factors such as proteins, cytokines and microRNAs are produced under different physiological or pathological conditions. Differentiation capability of these vesicles in repairing damaged tissues, as well as immune response modulation, has caused the vesicles to be considered as useful and efficient tools in regenerative medicine.
In the present review study, the authors investigated many articles over the past two decades published on the isolation and characterization of vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells, as well as on the application of these vesicles in regenerative medicine.
The review of various articles showed that mesenchymal stem cells exert their paracrine effects by secreting different cytokines and vesicles. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived vesicles have protective effects such as regenerating damaged tissues, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, suppression of inflammatory reactions and modulation of immune responses.
Since the vesicles derived stem cells are supplemented with various growth factors and have tissue repairing potency, these vesicles can be used to repair the damaged tissues. In addition, these vesicles can be used as carriers of drugs or genes.