Novel Gene Delivery Systems Considering Biosafety

Gene therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of incurable diseases, including cancer and genetic defects. The major problem limiting the effectiveness of this method within the organism is the difficulty in transporting vulnerable and negatively charged DNA macromolecules into the cell nucleus, in which risks the biosafety aspects of gene therapy. The major key to successful gene therapy is developing safe and efficient tools for carrying the genetic material. Due to their high efficiency in transferring the genetic material, viral vectors are among the most commonly used vectors in gene therapy; however, they can spark dangerous immune responses in the body of the living organisms. Currently, researchers are trying to develop cheaper and safer alternatives. In this paper, the pathways and gene transfer techniques, along with their advantages and disadvantages are reviewed for the means of gene therapy. Furthermore, the latest reforms necessary for the improvement of each method are mentioned.