Najm al-Dawla and the First Modern Philosophical Textbook in Iran

Despite the first impression, there are not many modern philosophical texts written or translated by Iranians in the Qajar era. Among these texts, the only known philosophical textbook is entitled Dawri-yi Usūl-i Ḥikmat-i Falsafi, translated from French by Najm al-Dawla, graduated from Dār al-Funūn. The French book is a relatively voluminous philosophical textbook for the last year of high school, including an introduction and five chapters. Najm al-Dawla translated the first two chapters. We present in this article the translation by Najm al-Dawla and briefly study his point of view by referring to the Persian manuscript and comparing it to the original French text