reza ranjbar

The collapse of contractual obligations is one of the topics of discussion and controversy in the law of obligations. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of permission on the collapse of contractual obligations due to economic problems. 

The present article is theoretical and the analytical descriptive method is used. Materials and data are also qualitative and data collection was used in collecting materials and data. Ethical Considerations: In this article, the originality of the text, honesty and trustworthiness are observed.

The findings indicate that the previous authorization for possession, which is bound to the absence of a guarantee, is not a muscat of the guarantee, but an obstacle and a remover of the guarantee. In Iranian law, under the conditions of non-execution of the contract, it is possible to resort to the rule of cairo and  hardship. 

The security of the possessions of the authorized person means that he is not responsible when he is not at fault on the one hand and that he is responsible in case of violation and excesses on the other hand. The authorized person has a security bond and is responsible for compensating damages only in case of violation. But sometimes it is possible that the person who gives permission (and the person who is authorized by permission) stipulates with each other that even if no fault is committed.

There are two general and specific readings about the rule of negation. For this reason, three jurisprudential views have been formed regarding the scope of the rule of negation of gharr: The first view considers negation of gharr as abbreviated to sale and lease, the second view considers barter contracts as subject to the provisions of negation of gharr, the third view accepts the application of the rule and negation . Gharar is considered necessary in all contracts. As a result of this disagreement, the question is whether gharar is prohibited from the marriage contract or not. Considering that there is a difference in the nature of the marriage contract among the jurists, the purpose of the present study is to examine the nature of the marriage contract and explain the effects of the Gharari contract in the view of Imamiyyah and Hanafiyyah jurists.

This research is of a theoretical type, the research method is descriptive-analytical, and the method of collecting information is a library, and it was done by referring to documents, books and articles. Ethical considerations: In all stages of writing the present research, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

The findings of the present research show that gharar is included in the dowry in the marriage contract and is not in the marriage contract itself, because the marriage is a contract that is not invalidated by the unknown exchange, and the Hanafi jurists include gharar in the dowry in a figurative way. have known that there is ignorance in the form of dowry.

To determine the position of gharar in marriage, we must first explain and specify the month of the marriage contract. There are two views in this regard. For they know A marriage contract is also necessary and necessary, in contrast to some people, considering the sanctity of the family institution and its importance, and the discovery of the legality of the marriage contract, it is not merely a contract of exchange, and it is not possible to exchange dowry, for example.

One of the most common criminal punishments in the history of the world's judicial systems is imprisonment. The devastating, negative and unwanted consequences of this punishment can be seen in society; therefore, experts in the present era have proposed a new theory under the title of "alternative punishment to imprisonment", which has gained great popularity both in scientific and expert communities as well as among the general public. It seems that presenting this idea and its correct implementation, in addition to its psychological impact on the criminal, can also affect human society, especially his family members and children. Based on what was observed during the implementation of this notion, it can be claimed that the adversities and unpleasant consequences resulting from imprisonment have been greatly reduced. In addition, it seems that this plan has been able to be effective in the religious aspect of social education for the children of criminals. The current research aims to determine the effect of using the alternative punishment of imprisonment in the realization of the religious aspect of the social education of the children of criminals with a descriptive-analytical method. The research findings indicate that these effects are: 1) Not destroying the exemplary role of parents in front of their children; 2) Not depriving children of the source of parental love; 3) Maintaining the supervisory and caring role of parents over their children; 4) Preventing children's isolation in social environments.

Sodium valproate (SV), as a common anti-epileptic drug, causes teratogenic effects on skeletal system by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Herbal extract of Prosopis Farcta (PF), as a natural antioxidant necessary for many physiological activities, can probably ameliorate the teratogenic effects of SV during pregnancy. This study aimed to investigate the possible anti-teratogenic role of PF and Vitamin E (VE) on skeletal anomalies caused by SV in rat fetuses. Adult female rats (n=30) were categorized into 6 groups including control, SV (400 mg/kg), SV+VE (100mg/kg), and three doses of PF (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) + SV. Each male rat mated with three adult female rats. The rats received SV, PF and VE at the 8th and 9th days of pregnancy by intraperitoneal injection. The animals were anesthetized and the laparotomy was applied at the 20th day of pregnancy. Skeletal abnormalities were analyzed using Alizarin red and Alcian blue staining. The expression of Runx2 and BMP2 genes was assessed using qPCRTM analysis in limbs bones. SV showed significant teratogenic effects including decrease in the rate of animal weight, Crown-rump length (CRL), various skeletal anomalies. The mRNA expression of Runx2 and BMP2 was also reduced in SV exposed animals. Administration of PF (especially 100mg/kg) in SV-exposed animals increased the weight of animals, CRL index, expression of Runx2 and BMP2, and reduced skeletal anomalies. The body weight, CRL index, Runx2 and BMP2 mRNA expression significantly increased, and skeletal anomalies decreased in VE group compared to the SV group. The results showed that PF could ameliorate the skeletal abnormalities and thus decreased osteogenic associated genes induced by SV in rat offsprings.

While most research focuses on the issue of humanitarian aid from an ethical and not mandatory viewpoint, this paper seeks to study humanitarian aid from the perspective of Islamic. In the international human rights system, with the extensive interpretation of these rights and adopting a positive approach, the only obligation to accept humanitarian aid has been proven. From a different perspective, this research seeks to examine the duty to provide humanitarian aid from in Islamic jurisprudence. The paper argues that the religion of Islam  provides a positive approach to humanitarian aid. In this regard, the pre-Islamic principles of human dignity and justice and the Islamic obligation to preserve human life and the principle of “taliif al-qulub” (winning hearts) by using “zakat” (religious tax), prove the obligation to provide humanitarian aid to all people exposed to natural and unnatural disasters, especially to non-Muslims.

Issuing a wrong decision, while it may happen for various reasons, has important material and spiritual effects on the lives of people in the society. The purpose of this article is to examine the legal jurisprudence of the responsibility to compensate for the ruling's error in issuing a decision. This article is descriptive and analytical. The materials and data are also qualitative and data collection has been used.Ethical considerations: In this article, the texts’ originality of, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed. The findings showed that in issuing a verdict of error, the judge and, accordingly, the government are held responsible and both of them are responsible for their actions and decisions and guarantors of material and moral losses caused by intentional and unintentional fault. The judge's mistake is divided into two parts: guilt and mistake, each of which has a separate legal burden. In case of a mistake, the judge will not be immune from his job and will be prosecuted, the government and the personal property of the judge will be responsible for compensation for the damages caused to the victim in such a way that his professional responsibility in the disciplinary prosecution and the responsibility of the government The mistake of the judge and the responsibility of his personal property will be crystallized in the fault. Compensation is also possible in the form of restoration to the previous situation, financial payment and restoration of dignity. In Iranian law, compensation for moral damages has been neglected to some extent, and considering that the issuance of a wrongful verdict in many cases is associated with moral damages rather than financial damages, and it may harm the credibility and dignity of individuals, so it is necessary to pay more attention to it.

Salmonella is one of the most leading causes of food-born infection and death among infants and people with the poor immunity system. Because Salmonella spp. have diversity in the genome composition and pathogenicity, access to rapid identification and genotyping is necessary to control of salmonellosis. The CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) typing is a genotyping method that checks these variable sequences in the bacterial genome in a specific species. This study aimed to differentiate Salmonella strains using CRISPR region.

Salmonella isolates, previously identified via standard microbiological and molecular tests, were subjected to the study. Bacterial DNA was extracted and PCR was done using specific primers. The different PCR products were sequenced and the repeats patterns were used to identify additional or degenerate repeat clusters in the CRISPR region. All different sequences were analyzed using CRISPRtionary tool for dendrogram generation using the binary file.

Overall, 119 strains of various Salmonella serovars were used. The result showed unique CRISPR and diversity in spacer both in sequence and the number. Analysis of the extracted sequence and band patterns illustrated that, except for S. infantis, both S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium isolates were classified as a separate cluster.

CRISPR genotyping could provide serotype/spacers dictionary and it is performed at low cost and high speed in comparison to the other typing methods. Therefore, the assessment of CRISPR and spacer content can be considered as a powerful and practical discriminatory method for subtyping of Salmonella isolates.

In some cases, people leave their place of residence for various motives, such as work, travel, family dispute, or any other reason, and after a while there is no news of their existence; such a person is called an absentee in Islamic jurisprudence and law. In this research, the alimony entitlement of the missing man's wife, who has been legally removed from the missing man's marriage contract by the ruler's ruling, has been investigated from the perspective of Khamsa religions, and then, by using the descriptive and analytical method, it tries to give an appropriate answer to the question whether the absent wife who is divorced by the ruling of the ruler is entitled to alimony during the days of Adah? The findings of this research show that if the couple's separation is due to the decree of divorce, the missing man's wife will be entitled to maintenance, because every woman deserves maintenance during the days of divorce, and the missing man's wife is no exception. However, if this separation is the result of assuming the death of her husband, according to jurisprudence, the wife will not be entitled to alimony because a woman is not entitled to alimony during the days of her husband's death.

In all legal systems, the effort is to reduce crimes and improve the national security of society. However, legal systems have different views on what policies and strategies can be used to achieve this goal. In the legal system of Imami jurisprudence, the principles governing its criminal policy can play an important role in reducing crimes and stabilizing national security. Therefore, we seek to examine the principles governing the criminal policy of Imami jurisprudence in order to reduce crime and delinquency and stabilize national security. The findings of this research, conducted with the analytical-descriptive method, indicate that there is a significant relationship between components such as the development of education and training, preventive measures, attention to decriminalization, respect for privacy, and the restoration of the human dignity of criminals. If these principles are observed and institutionalized in the criminal laws, crimes will be reduced and the national security factor will be improved.
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During the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, children are less affected than adults, and underlying conditions and older age are associated with severe disease. Following the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, outbreaks of cases with Kawasaki-like disease and a few others with the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children related to COVID-19 (MIS-C) have been reported. Here, we report a two-year-old girl initially admitted to urgent pediatric care and was diagnosed with Kawasaki disease associated with COVID-19 infection to highlight the clinical features and signs. Physical examination showed a fussy infant with swelling of the hands, feet, and lips, red lips, restlessness, anorexia, and fever. According to the clinical and laboratory findings, Kawasaki disease was diagnosed. Laboratory tests for SARS-CoV-2 were positive. The patient's clinical symptoms improved after receiving medications such as IVIG and ascorbic acetyl acid.

The identification and differentiation of the various genotypes of hepatitis viruses are of great importance and can contribute to both clinical procedures and scientific research. There is a wide range of typing methods, which can be mainly divided into phenotypic and genotypic methods. Here, we focused on the available genotyping methods for hepatitis virus typing and tried to review and categorize them. This study aimed to study various hepatitis virus genotyping methods. In this study, to obtain a comprehensive overview of hepatitis virus genotyping methods, a perfect search was performed using related keywords in major journals and databases. Information was extracted from articles, analyzed, categorized, and compared. In analyzing the various articles, genotyping methods were divided into three different categories: Sequencing methods, hybridization methods, and methods based on DNA binding patterns. Sequencing-based methods were cited as the gold standard and the accuracy of other methods was compared to them. Hybridization-based methods, which were also used in commercial kits, include several methods. DNA binding pattern-based methods were mainly based on PCR with genotype-specific primers or RFLP. Although molecular methods allow accurate, sensitive, and reproducible genotyping, there is still much room to be exploited using emerging methods.

One of the vital Islamic religion issues is the social-political education, which is of particular importance. But there have always been obstacles and damages on its way, and these obstacles can be considered from different dimensions of religious, economic, moral, behavioral deviations, etc. One of the most important deviations, which is an obstacle to social-political education, is its behavioral type. The main goal of this research has been to investigate the obstacles of behavioral deviations in social-political education and to find ways to solve them from the perspective of the Holy Quran and hadiths. Accordingly, the most fundamental question of this research is that "What are the obstacles of behavioral deviations in political-social education?" and "What solutions are there in terms of the Holy Quran and hadiths to solve them?" Data collection in this research was carried out by library method and its processing was done with a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of this research showed that following the whim of the self, cruelty and obedience to the corrupt and blind imitation are the most important behavioral deviations on the way of social-political education. In the Holy Qur'an and hadiths, ways such as creating insight and honesty in action, creating love by generosity and forgiveness, maintaining power based on zeal and courage, and serving the people by avoiding the spirit of ambition are presented for government officials.

Multi-drug resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae strains cause the majority of community acquired and life-threatening infections. We aimed to detect the gyrA mutations in the clinical strains of nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistant K. pneumoniae isolated from the patients with urinary tract infections.

Bacterial strains were isolated from the patients with urinary tract infections admitted to a major hospital in Tehran, Iran (2017-2018). Bacterial identification was done according to standard microbiological tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for quinolones and fluoroquinolone antibiotics was done using both disc diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) methods. PCR-RFLP was used to detect the probable mutation in the gyrA gene in nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistant strains. Finally sequencing was performed to detect point mutations in isolated K. pneumoniae strains.

One hundred K. pneumonia isolates were recovered from the urine samples of the clinical cases. Antibiotic resistance testing showed that among all K. pneumoniae isolates, 26% and 19% of the strains were resistant to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin respectively. MIC value was ≥4 µg/ml for ciprofloxacin resistant isolates. The results of RFLP on gyrA PCR amplicons using HinfI restriction enzyme showed point mutation in this gene in 46% of nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistant K. pneumonia. The data obtained from the sequencing confirmed the RFLP results and indicated the presence of point mutations in codons 83 and 87 in the gyrA gene which leads to the substitution of different amino acids in gyrA protein.

Our findings indicated a relative increased rate of resistance against quinolones and fluoroquinolone antibiotics that raised a concern about extensive dissemination of clinical strains of nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin resistant K. pneumonia. Point mutation of gyrA gene was responsible for the resistance in our strains however to gain more insight into the molecular characterization of quinolone-resistant isolates, other possible mechanisms of the resistance should also be investigated.

Enforceable documents are designed to reduce the volume of court cases. The purpose of this study is to investigate the implementation of binding documents in the framework of formalism and pluralism of law.

This research is of theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library and has been done by referring to documents, books and articles.

considering that notaries and marriage and divorce offices are one of the legal authorities in preparing official documents in relation to property, obligations and contracts of individuals, On the other hand, it is possible to implement the provisions and their meanings without referring to the courts, they can play an improving role in line with this goal.

Ethical Considerations:

 In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

The prevalence of postmodernism in societies has complicated the relations between the subjects of law, and as a result, the legislator cannot design and pass regulations based on the traditional order and division of legal titles and concepts.

Atherosclerosis is the thickening or hardening of the arteries which is caused by a buildup of atheromatous plaque in the inner lining of an artery. Hypercholesterolemia, inflammation, oxidative stress, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) are important risk factors for atherosclerosis. Therefore, this study aimed to review the anti-atherosclerotic effects of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium via improving lipid profile and reducing the effects of oxidative stress, inflammation, and TMAO. To prepare the present review, several databases such as Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched, and relevant articles from 1990 until 2022 were selected and reviewed. The present review showed that Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium reduce the risk of atherosclerosis in both in vitro and in vivo studies by breaking down or altering cholesterol metabolism with the help of their by-products and by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress and TMAO. Consumption of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium can be useful in prevention of atherosclerosis.

With respect to the significance of the arguments of rationalists in inference of religious instructions, particularly in the case of new issues, a review of the jurists’ works on quality of applying the arguments of rationalists will help its understanding better. A restudy of jurisprudential works of Seyyed Hassan Bojnourdi and Imam Khomeini, as the two jurists with immense influence on perfection of jurisprudence, will be important and worthy in proving the point. To that end, we have reviewed the deductive and doctrinal jurisprudential texts of the two jurists based on content analysis methodology to analyze their claims. Findings of this paper indicate that both jurists have abundantly made use of the arguments of rationalists. In the meantime, both of them believe in its validity with no need to endorsement of the legislator, taking into consideration only lack of prohibition or rejection by the legislator. In particular, they have independently used the arguments of rationalists in invoking valid and important jurisprudential codes in deducing religious instructions. Given the effect of time and space on jurisprudential issues, the important and practical arguments of rationalists can be used for comparing and contrasting jurisprudence with modern-day issues and conditions toward rationality in settling modern-day problems.

Quinolone resistant Salmonella serotypes have been reported in recent years and have become increasingly widespread worldwide.

We evaluated the molecular mechanism of quinolone resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella strains isolated from clinical samples in Tehran, Iran.

The present study included the Salmonella isolates originated from hospitalized individuals and outpatients in Tehran, Iran. Serotyping of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella isolates was done by slide agglutination method. Then, the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of topoisomerase gene gyrA and the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants were detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was also employed to determine the possible mutation in the gyrA gene of those strains. Mutant strains were detected by enzymatic digestion, and their PCR products were sequenced immediately.

Amongst 141 isolates, 60% showed nalidixic acid resistance, whereas none of them were ciprofloxacin-resistant. The commonly prevalent serotypes were S. Enteritidis and S. Infantis. Of 85 nalidixic acid-resistant strains, 17 (20%) isolates harbored the qnrS gene. However, PCR analysis of the quinolone-resistant strains did not detect qnrA and qnrB genes. PCR-RFLP and sequencing analysis of the QRDRs of the gyrA gene indicated that 16 (18.8%) isolates had mutant patterns, and the most common point mutation was serine to phenylalanine at position 83.

Our results demonstrated that point mutations in gyrA and the existence of plasmid-mediated gene qnrS were important mechanisms of quinolone resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella strains isolated from human origin. Other alternative mechanisms of resistance, such as alterations in the expression of efflux pumps, should be studied to provide greater insight into the molecular mechanism of quinolone-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates.

The objective of this case series was to compare the clinical characteristics, radiologic features, and laboratory findings between COVID-19 severe patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) to those with non-severe patients who were not admitted to the ICU. From September 1, 2020, to October 30, 2020, a total of 186 laboratory-confirmed patients with COVID-19 were included in this study. Among 186 patients, 48 (25.8%) were admitted to the ICU. Patients admitted to the ICU were older and had also more underlying comorbidities compared to patients admitted to the non-ICU ward (P<0.05). The levels of LDH, CRP, ALT, AST, and neutrophil count were higher in patients admitted to the ICU compared to patients who were not admitted to the ICU (P<0.05). Among the chest X-ray findings, consolidation was only a significant difference between patients admitted to the ICU and non-ICU patients (P<0.05). Among 48 patients admitted to the ICU, 6 patients (12.5%) were still in the ICU, 26 patients (54.1%) were discharged, and 16 patients (33.3%) died as of April 15, 2020. Our study showed that older age, male sex, and having underlying diseases are strongly associated with increased risk of severe disease and death in patients with COVID-19. Therefore, more attention should be paid to elderly male patients who have an underlying disease.

We aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of Persian Gulf microalgae extracts on some Gram-positive and negative bacterial species in order to find new compounds with antibacterial activity.

After sampling microalgae from December 2020 to April 2021 from the northernmost part of Qeshm Island in Persian Gulf, the antibacterial activity of methanolic and ethyl acetate extract of microalgae were tested in three concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 mg/ml on Gram-positive bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli by disk-diffusion assay and the results were compared with two standard antibiotics including ciprofloxacin and streptomycin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were assessed spectrophotometrically using microplate and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader.

Methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts had antibacterial effects against Gram-positive and negative bacteria. Compared to ethyl acetate extract, the methanolic extract showed stronger effects on both Gram-positive and negative bacteria. The most antibacterial effect was related to methanolic extract with a concentration of 500 mg/ml on S. aureus by 14.6 mm inhibition zone. Evidence from MIC also confirmed that the lowest MIC was belonged to methanolic extract by 0.75 mg/ml against S. aureus. Interestingly, both of these extracts showed more antibacterial activity on Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria.

The investigation proved the efficacy of microalgae extracts isolated from Persian Gulf as natural antimicrobials and suggested the possibility of employing them in medicines as antimicrobial agents.

 Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the three pathogens that has become a global disease control and treatment problem due to its resistance to common antibiotics. For this reason, it is crucial to study the genes that cause antibiotic resistance in it. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic frequency of tetracycline resistance in clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae in Tehran, Iran.

 In this study, 100 isolates of K. pneumoniae isolated from clinical samples (urine) during 2018-2019 were studied. In addition to microbial and biochemical phenotypic tests, genotypic tests were conducted to determine the frequency of antibiotic resistance genes tet (A, B, C, 39).

 Out of 100 isolates of K. pneumoniae, 49 isolates were resistant to tetracyclines. The results of multiplex PCR showed that 31 samples were positive for tetA gene, 8 isolates for tetB gene, 21 samples for tetC and, and 8 isolates for tet39. None of the isolates were positive for all four tetracycline genes.

 The results of this study showed that the isolates were positive for at least one gene and at most 2 tetracycline resistance genes. The tetA gene showed the highest frequency and the lowest frequency was demonstrated by tetB. The highest binary combination of genes was tetA-tetC, and the lowest was tetA-tet39.

The study of the relationship between patient permission and physician's guarantee is one of the important issues in Islamic jurisprudence and law, including medical jurisprudence, which has created different views in this regard today. The present study investigates the effects of the patient's permission on the fall of the physician's guarantee and responsibility from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence and law.

The present research is an applied type and the method of collecting information has been done by documentary and library methods, including the study of the works and writings of jurists and jurists.

Ethical Considerations: 

The present study was conducted with ethical considerations such as accurate and scientific reference, observance of the principles of fiduciary duty and preservation of intellectual property of the authors of documents, books and articles.

Patient's permission and physician's guarantee fall in Islamic jurisprudence and law are subject to rules and restrictions, including in the discussion of patient's permission, lack of absolute control over one's body and soul and in the discussion of physician's guarantee fall or non-fall, the challenge of medical expertise in It is a matter of debate with old and new jurists, however, the ambiguity of the issue of permission and the importance of medical expertise and monitoring the treatment of patients with exceptional conditions can solve the problems raised in this area.

The jurisprudential and medical council in the Islamic society needs to monitor the activities of physicians in certain cases that may put patients at risk of death. Adopting strict rules to deal with physicians who do not have sufficient expertise and dealing legally with physicians who have not completed university degrees, will address many of the challenges associated with patient permission and the loss of a physician's guarantee.

One of the important issues of the principles of jurisprudence is the principles of theology and the principle of acceptance has a special place among these principles. In this article, Istehhab and its effects on civil law and the Islamic Penal Code with an approach to Imam Khomeini's views studes.

Thise article is Analytical descriptive and the library method uses.

In this article, Originality of texts, honesty and trusteeship Has been complied with.

The principle of istishab is valid as one of the accepted religious principles in jurisprudential sources and principles. Adoption of the word sahib means to accompany and accompany someone or to have something with you. And in the term of jurisprudence, it is the ruling on the survival of something that was certain and realized in the past and has been questioned in the present. From Imam Khomeini's point of view, istishab is a religious principle that has been established in order to preserve the fact that the former certainty is the way and the discoverer of it. According to the principles of the constitution, this principle can be invoked in the absence of a ruling.

In the issues related to civil law, including the issues of sale, cucumber and marriage, the principle of istishab has been used. In the Iranian Penal Code, istishab is the basis of many legal rulings, including the rulings on istishab of non-deprivation of liberty, immaturity, piety, infidelity and repentance.

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging outbreak which has involved almost all of the countries of the world now. While the main symptoms of the disease are known to be respiratory symptoms like coughing and shortness of breath, extrapulmonary symptoms have also been reported in many cases of COVID-19. Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations including diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain and liver injury are amongst the most common extrapulmonary symptoms in COVID-19 patients.

We used Scopus, PubMed, and Google scholar databases for this review. The last search was run on November 21, 2020

Liver injury is mostly accompanied by an elevation in AST and ALT levels and a slight increase in serum billirubin levels that is observed in approximately 14.8-53.1% of COVID-19 patients.1-29% of COVID-19 patients present nausea and vomiting and 2 to 10% develop diarrhea. Abdominal pain is seen in about 2.2-6% of COVID-19 patients and most frequently seen in severely ill patients.

Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting and liver injury are the most common GI symptoms in COVID-19 patients while abdominal pain is not pretty common. There are no medications of proven efficacy to treat COVID-19 or its GI manifestations so far.

Circulation in the fetus has some anatomical features which is of clinical importance. The present study was carried out to investigate the great vessels and duct in the circulatory system of fetal sheep by three techniques of rhodopas cast, angiography, and dissection techniques. Thirty-six male and female fetuses were studied. The age estimation of fetuses was calculated through Crown Rump Length (CRL) measurements and by use of formula for sheep fetus. All fetuses were divided in three groups; group 1 (CRL=12.54±0.52 Cm, Age= 62.08±2.08 days), group 2 (CRL=22±1.31 Cm, Age= 81.9± 5.7 days) and group 3 (CRL=34.6±1.19 Cm, Age= 108.5± 5.38 days), respectively. The structure of the umbilical cord, course of the umbilical vein and arteries, portal vein, ductus venosus, caudal vena cava, aorta, pulmonary trunk, ductus arteriosus, and great arteries and veins of the neck, thoracic and abdominal cavity were studied. The results showed, the vessels and duct of arabian fetal sheep are similar to other ruminants, but there were some differences in arrangment of umblical cord and ductus venosus with equines, dromedary camel and human. Also the fetal sex and age had no effect on the arrangement of vessels and ducts. On the other hand, the results showed that all of the mentioned techniques are capable of assessing the blood vessels and ducts, but are complementary to each other.

Übermensch is one of Nietzsche’s most famous and also most controversial thoughts. Controversies around it are mostly the consequence of the complexity and obscurity of the very idea. In this article, examining Nietzsche’s writings in line with Heidegger’s reading of his work, first, I explore the deep interrelation between the concepts of Übermensch and “the Eternal Recurrence of the same”. Then, I demonstrate the unique role of the Übermensch in the gathering of Nietzsche’s two great ideas – “Eternal Recurrence” and “will to power”; I argue that for Nietzsche, the Übermensch is identical with the pure reality. Next, I explicate Heidegger’s interpretation of this reality, and the relation between technique and Übermensch; in accordance with this interpretation, I argue that Nietzsche’s Übermensch and Heidegger’s essence of technique -Gestell- are thoughts concerned with the same issue. Following that, I state that “the Eternal Recurrence of the Same” is the metaphysical articulation of consumption and represents the emergence of the world in the frame of technique.