Relation Between Family Interdependency and Shaming with Deliquency (Study: Third High School Students from Tabriz City)

The prevalence of delinquency and high-risk behavior among adolescents and young people has become a major social issue in recent years. The results of the surveys and empirical studies strongly support this claim. Poorasl et al. (2007) found that among 1785 students from Tabriz, 226 (12.7%) had alcohol experience and 36 (2%) had drug abuse experience. In 2006, Kelishadi and others (2006) found that prevalence of cigarette smoking among boys was 18.5% and among girls was 10.1%. The mean age of the first attempt for smoking was 13.2 years. The results of this study indicate that smoking among adolescents is considered as a threat. Ayatollah Ali et al. (2005) concluded that 16.9% of smokers experienced smoking and 2.5% had smokers regularly. Also, 35% of the students used alcohol and 2.1% of them regularly used alcohol. Given the emergence of new conditions and the fundamental transformation of the traditional social institutions, it is clear that previous solutions and solutions cannot respond to new problems and become fully effective. In such a situation, on the one hand, we are faced with new threats, and on the other hand, the previous measures and solutions have not succeeded, new approaches and ideas have come to the fore. The theory of the Braithwaite Reintegrative Shaming Theory is one of these theories. The Reintegrative Shaming Theory offers new lenses for the community and offers different suggestions and solutions in various institutional areas such as family, school, neighborhood, police, court, etc. (Aliverdinia and Hasani, 2014). Criminological theory is important because most of what is done in criminal justice is based on criminological theory…” (Saber, 2006: 1). The focus of the Reintegrative Shaming Theory is the relationship between crime and social control, which emphasizes the shaming of the criminal acts and the reintegration of the criminals. (Braithwaite, 1994: 140; Gadd, 2006: 164). The Reintegrative Shaming theory has gathered several criminal traditions around the concept of shame (Dollar, 2013: 2). Braithwaite dismisses the importance of cultural integration, arguing that the most important factor in "control of crime is cultural commitment to shaming" (Kim, 2011: 1065; Scheuerman, 2012: 5; Lu, 1998: 61). According to this theory, societies will have lower crime rates if they apply shame in an effective way on crime. (Braithwaite, 2000: 281). Of the new features in Braithwaite theory is the separation of the reintegrative shaming and stigmatizing shaming. (Braithwaite, 1993: 1; Bennett, 1996: 2; Ttofi, 2008: 354; Ivancevich, 2008: 407). One of the most important and fundamental questions in the Reintegrative Shaming Theory is that which particular fields or settings reduce the deviant. According to Braithwaite (1989), Interdependency and Communitarianism are the key social conditions that facilitate the Reintegrative Shaming.

 Hypothesis Based on the theoretical arguments, one can infer hypotheses for empirical analysis as follows. The main hypotheses of the Reintegrative Shaming Theory are direct and indirect:1) Family Interdependency has a direct and positive relationship with the Shaming of parents. 2) Family Interdependency is directly and positively correlated with parent reintegration. 3) Family Interdependency has a direct and negative relationship with parent stigmatizing. 4) Family Interdependency has a direct and negative relationship with delinquency. 5) Family Interdependency is indirectly related to delinquency. 6) Interdependency reinforces the connection between the variables of shaming, reintegration, and engagement with delinquency. 7) Parents shaming has a direct and negative relationship with delinquency. 8) Parental reintegration has a direct and negative relationship with delinquency. 9) Parents' stigmatizing have a direct and positive relationship with delinquency. 10) Parental stigmatizing increases the amount of delinquency by increasing the delinquent peer. 11) Delinquent peer have a direct and positive relationship with delinquency. The above hypothesis are based on the theoretical framework of the research. The variable of Interdependency as an independent variable, the stigmatizing, reintegration, shaming, and delinquent peer as mediation variables and the variable of delinquency as the dependent variable is the main constituent of this model. This research is based on the analysis of the causal model derived from the regressive shame theory in the family framework and uses the survey method to evaluate individual level variables. In this study, the survey method has been used to test and evaluate the regenerative shame theory. All female high school students studying in Tabriz during the first half of the academic year of 2012-2013 have a population of 20,265. The sample size is calculated using the Cochran formula of 835 people. For selection of the sample, clustering method is used with classification. The boys and girls in this study were selected as two main sample classes. The methodology was that in the first stage of all fifth district of Tabriz, which has 305 male and female schools, 30 schools were randomly selected. After classifying schools, a class was randomly selected and the necessary tests were carried out. After collecting the data, the research hypotheses were put into the test bench. In order to obtain the instrument validity, content validity and construct validity were used and to obtain the reliability, Cronbach's alpha was used. In order to assess the validity of the content, the first attempt was made to define the semantic domain of their concepts and dimensions and their components. In the next step, factor analysis was used to evaluate the construct validity. The reliability of the research tool was also performed using Cronbach's alpha and the internal consistency criterion (with a standard of 0.70).

The results of the present study show that the Interdependency variable has a high combined score among the research sample and this is indicator of Interdependency and social cohesion of the students (students) of the Tabriz city. According to Braithwaite, a major part of shaming takes place by individuals who are involved in Interdependent communities like the family (Braithwaite, 1989: 340; Cullen, 2011: 258). Structural Equation Modeling Analysis (SEM), consistent with the predictions of Reintegrative Shaming theory, and in line with some researches (Losoncz and Tyson, 2007) and inconsistent with some other studies (Lu et al., 2002), have a strong correlation between the Interdependency and use of reintegration and shaming (confirmation of the first and second hypotheses). Interdependency also shows a strong effect on the stigmatizing (confirmation of the third hypothesis). Between Interdependency and stigmatizing there was a negative relationship. So that whatever Interdependency in the family is greater, there will be greater shaming and reintegration actions and will be fewer stigmatizing. In the family context, Braithwaite claims young people who have a stronger attachment to their parents are less likely to commit crimes (Ttofi, 2008: 354). This claim is consistent with the results of the present study (confirmation of the fourth hypothesis). So that the coefficient of variation family Interdependency on delinquency has been (-0.38), which means that the more interdependent the family is, the less the amount of delinquency (Zhang,1997, Hay, 2001 and Losoncz, 2007). Based on the prediction of the Reintegrative Shaming theory (Braithwaite, 1989), the effect of family Interdependency on delinquency is largely indirect and is carried out through shaming, stigmatization, reintegration, and delinquent peer. The Interdependency variable in this study, in contrast to the Braithwaite theory, has also had a direct effect, in line with some other researches (Hay, 2001). In addition, the indirect effect of Interdependency through shaming and reintegration was not confirmed in this study. However, by adding another circle of delinquent peer (derived from the theory of differential association), the Interdependency variable show its indirect effect on the variable of stigmatizing and delinquency (the partial confirmation of the fifth hypothesis). Interdependency does not seem to reinforce the relationship between the variables of reintegrative shaming theory with delinquency or its dimensions. According to the assumption, the relationship between shaming, reintegration and stigmatization with future violations must be stronger among those who have more Interdependency. However, the findings of this study do not fully support this hypothesis, in line with the results of some other studies (Botchkovar, 2005: 410) (disapproval of the sixth hypothesis). Although family Interdependency increases shaming and reintegration (there is a positive relationship between them), but shaming and reintegration do not show a consistent and meaningful relationship with delinquency (disapproval of seventh and eighth hypotheses). The ninth hypothesis of the research was disapproval (direct and negative correlation between parent stigmatizing and delinquency), which was inconsistent with Bennett (1996), Losoncz & Tyson (2007), and (Tosonie, 2004). But the tenth hypothesis, that is, the indirect relation of parents' stigmatizing from the path to criminal delinquency with delinquency, was confirmed. This finding can be explained by the shaming theory that disintegrative shaming gives temptation to criminal subcultures. In the last word, it seems that Braithwaite, in line with other theorists of control, emphasizes the importance of control behaviors and actions, such as social ties, punishment and shaming, solely or generally among Conventional or normal groups. While deviant groups may also create feelings of shame (shaming of deviant groups) in their own members for committing crime and deviation, in order to actually conform them with their group norms. (Botchkovar, 2008: 716). So, based on one interesting result in this study, the coefficient of delinquent peer (0.55) on delinquency was almost twice as much as the coefficient of influence on family interdependency (0.38). In sum, it seems that according to most researches (Botchkovar et al. 2005; Tittle et al., 2003), the present research data are mostly related to the second part (the factors causing the deviation to its deterrent factors) from The implications of the reintegrative shaming theory that are consistent with the claims that disintegrative shaming increases the chances of misconduct or delinquency through the development of delinquent subculturs.