Reflection on Iranian pilgrimage in the tenth and eleventh centuries with emphasis on the Safavid and Ottoman reiations

With the rise of the Safavids(907-1135 AH)and the spread of Shiism in Iran,a turbulent period of conflict with the Sunni Ottomans began(1222-1922)One of the issues that always exacerbated the hostility of the two countries was the issue of Hajj and how the Ottomans treated Iran's pilgrimage.As the land of Hejaz was under Ottoman rule and the Iranian pilgrims had to pass through their territory to go to the Hajj,they encountered many difficulties along the way and on the land of Hejaz.So that they were sometimes even forbidden from performing the Hajj.During this period, the differences between the two governments made the Hajj an arena for Shia and Sunni divisions. Both governments attempted to politically exploit this religious ritual by relying on the hajj issue.They tried to show Islam their friendship and gain legitimacy for themselves. In this descriptive-analytic study,we examine how the Iranian Hajj with emphasis on the relationship between the Safavids and the Ottomans is concerned, and whether the relationship between the two governments has influenced Iranian pilgrimage.Or was the pilgrimage to the Hajj beyond political and religious strife? The findings of this study show that the pilgrimage of Iranians in the tenth and eleventh centuries was overshadowed by the Safavid and Ottoman political relations.