Data representation of large-scale outdoor spaces by using frames of reference

Frames of reference show the formation of the knowledge that organize objects in the environment based on the physical movement of the person or the condition of the environment in which the representation occurs. This article studies the formation of frame of reference in memory to represent the spatial structure of large-scale outdoor environments due to less consideration in literature review, lack of attention to the scale of the formation of frames of reference, as well as the lack of ecological validity in other researches. For this purpose, in this paper, two types of experiments have been used to change the scale of the environment and the purpose of the reference. In one experiment, familiar and unfamiliar participants will get acquainted with the situations of three groups of triad building with the help of walking in the path that involves each group. Then they are shown maps representing these triple groups in five different orientations (from 0 to 180 degrees) and they judge whether each triple group is properly presented or not based on relative situations between buildings. In other experiment, the participants will get acquainted with the situation of the eight unknown objects in the pedestrianized environment, moving in two pre-planned and inscribed routes there ( one path is aligned to the side of the sidewalk and the other is misaligned with a 45 degree angle). Afterwards, participants use their memory by pointing to objects as target. In both experiment, the accuracy and the delay time to the examiners' questions are the dependent variables of the research.