The Biomechanics and Muscle Function in Various Techniques of Squat with Rehabilitative and Training Approach: Narrative Review

Nowadays, squats are commonly used in rehabilitation centers to expand power and muscle power and strength. In this study, biomechanics and muscle function has been reviewed during of squats. The aim of this study was recognizing the gaps and deficiencies of previous studies and providing suggestions to improve the application and safety of squats for rehabilitation and training purpose.

Pub Med and Science Direct databases were searched for studies published in English between 2000 and 2020. Google Scholar search engine was used also. Adopting from Mesh terms, Squat, Biomechanics, Muscle function and Optimization as well as the combination of these terms were used. The final analysis was done on more than 32 articles with direct relationship.

The Squat was widely investigated for several purposes such as improving technique, preventing injury and promoting muscles function. The most common parameters in kinematics, kinetics and muscle function context were joints range of motion, joints maximum torque especially maximum torque of the knee joint and quadriceps and hamstring muscles function, respectively. Despite numerous studies examining muscle function, there was not enough information about profound muscles involved in squat exercise. Furthermore, none of squat methods were optimized in terms of motion pattern.

Perform back squat with wide stance (≥ shoulder width) with natural foot positioning, unrestricted movement of the knees, and full depth while the lordotic curve is maintained is an optimal technique. But it should be noted, the use of musculoskeletal models to optimize motion pattern and inform of profound muscles function are beneficial to find gold standards and more use of the squat for clinical and rehabilitation purposes.