An Analysis of the Constraints of Function in Precise Poems and Ferdowsi Tusi

One of the major characteristics in examining the literary level of texts is the lexicon/vocabulary in the paradagmatic axis and combination of words in the syntagmatic axis. What turns such a selection and word combination into a work of art is the artistic usage of it in a suitable context. Although the extraction and analysis of all the elements and literary distinction of texts could be difficult, we can list and discuss many of them. In this way, adverbs of time, manner, and metaphor and their use in the elements of epic texts in Daghighi’s Gashtasp Nameh and in the Gashtasp’s Kingdom chapter in Shah Nameh were examined through a descriptive-analytical approach. Findings of the study showed that Ferdowsi has a wider knowledge and is more skillful than Daghighi in the epical use of adverbs. Adverbs of time used in Shahnameh deals more with depiction and the creation of settings than Gashtasp Nameh; due to its style values we can call it the ‘pictorial adverb’ which can be thought of as having both intellectual value and literary value. Lexicons used in Gashtasp Nameh can never reach those of Shah Nameh as far as the epical tone is concerned. Adverb of manner in Shahnameh is one of the techniques used to describe the behavior, spiritual status, and abilities of the warriors and helps to create brevity and music. One of the distinctions of simile adverbs in the Shahnameh is the selection of the adverbs, especially simile tools. The quasi-simile and simile tools in Shahnameh have more epic tone than in Gashtasp Nameh and their variety in the Shahnameh indicates the power of Ferdowsi's imagination and transcendence.