A Study of the Entries of Reward, Punishment, Heaven, Original Research and Hell in Two Quranic Encyclopedias by Orientalists

Leiden Quran Encyclopedia and Quran Encyclopedia Oliver Lyman are among the most important Quranic researches of Orientalists that have been written with the aim of presenting the teachings of the Holy Quran. This article examines and critiques the entries of reward, eagle, heaven and hell in these two encyclopedias. And explains their methodological and content problems separately. The overlap of some entries with each other, the existence of incomplete entries, citing research and non-original or invalid sources, incompatibility and inconsistency of the content of articles with each other are the most important methodological problems and instilling the effectiveness and adherence of the Qur'anic teachings to the previous teachings, the angelic devil, the physical depiction of heaven and hell, the presentation of a harsh and unbalanced image of the issue of punishment and reward in the Qur'an and the incorrect explanation of man's relationship with God's rule and Satan With Hell is their most important content flaws. This article, citing authoritative Islamic sources and solid Qur'anic arguments, shows that Qur'anic orientalists have not been able to gain an accurate understanding of the doctrinal teachings of the Qur'an, and therefore even their encyclopedic works are unreliable.