alireza asadi

utopia is a result of historical milestones, and Iranian utopia is the result of special events of the era of constitutionalism and awakening. Most Persian utopian works were written between 1303 and 1332, which can be called the age of utopian writing. By criticizing the current situation, these authors have created a plan of the ideal society in order to expand the readers' horizons and provide the background of education along with literary enjoyment. This research is in the field of genre literature, and genre research in Persian literature does not have a significant background, and no independent and coherent research has been done in the field of the genre of utopia and cognition, as well as how it came about. The problem of this research is how to know the genre of utopia and the context of its emergence in the Persian novel, and in order to answer this question, after defining the genre of utopia and stating the constructive characteristics of utopian works, to investigate the contexts of the emergence of this genre in three constructions: social-historical, literary and personal.has been addressed and we have come to the conclusion that the emergence of this literary type is the result of constitutional history and awakening, imaginary travelogues and times of translation, as well as the essential role of sanati Zadeh Kermani as the developer of the utopian genre. This research is based on the Tussini-analytical and comparative method, based on library research.

Permanent maxillary second molars’ root canal treatment due to their root configurations complexity and high root canal systems variations, are one of the most problematic teeth. Accordingly, clinicians should consider unusual canal morphology to reduce the rate of missed canals.  A thirty-year-old female was referred for root canal treatment of her maxillary right second molar tooth with obvious recurrent caries under restoration and necrotic pulp. Pre-operative radiographs showed the unusual morphology and cone-beam computed tomography was ordered for precise evaluation of the root canal anatomy. The principal aim of this paper is to report a five-root canals maxillary second molar, with two palatal root canals and a palatal root-like enamel pearl canal.

Novels, As cultural products, represent a society with various discourses. Each discourse, with its own configurations, is constantly trying to make its meanings hegemonic. The current research is an attempt to analyze the discourse semiotics of gender with an emphasis on the theory of Laclau and Mufehe in the two novels "This street has no speed bumps" and "Rahesh". The main issue in the current research is how "gender" is represented in these novels. Also, how gender thoughts are reflected through the author's mentality in writing the novel and what is the author's point of view towards them. In terms of methodology, it is a descriptive and qualitative research, which uses library method to collect data. According to this method, the analysis of the novel includes three levels: textual analysis, intertextual analysis, contextual analysis. Textual analysis is dedicated to the semiotics of the novel's characters and finding the discourse order of the novel; In intertextual analysis, each novel is compared with novels of the same period; in contextual analysis, the relationship between the novel and larger social space is examined. Finally, the analysis of the propositions revealed that the main concern and theme of the novels; The obvious conflict between tradition and modernity lies in the social construction of gender, which is implicitly included in the inner layers of the text and lexical reflection, and the main character of the novels at all stages are in the conflict between the biological construction of gender and its social construction.

One of the important issues in the scientific authority of the Qur'an, in the sense of its effectiveness in a field of knowledge, is to study of its foundations. What is meant by "the foundations of the scientific authority of the Qur'an" is those doctrines and propositions in various fields such as anthropology, epistemology, the sciences of the Qur'an, etc., on which the proof and acceptance of the scientific authority of the Qur'an is based; in such a way that denying them leads to denying the scientific authority of the Qur'an and makes it invalid. Using a descriptive-analytical method, this article examines the Qur'anic foundations of the scientific authority of the Qur'an in Islamic theology and philosophy, and answers the question, "What beliefs about the Qur'an itself is the acceptance of the scientific authority of the Qur'an in the field of Islamic theology and philosophy based on?"According to the findings and achievements of this research, the Qur'anologic foundations of the scientific authority of the Qur'an are included and proved in two categories: the foundations regarding the existence and truth of the Qur'an such as authenticity and rightfulness, life, immortality and universality, inclusiveness and common territory, and multiple-meaning structure of the Qur'an; and the foundations regarding the language and knowledge of the Qur'an, such as comprehensibility and interpretation, knowledge provision and realization, permissibility and validity of the intellectual and philosophical knowledge of the Qur'an.

The idea of ​​a subject-centered subject with a boundary separated from the body is that which; It was raised in the pre-modern era. Little by little, the physical understanding of the subject was developed in the thought of postmodern philosophers, with studies of the effects of the results obtained from subject-centered developments. the consequence of the thought that followed the perception of the world through the body; Bath changed the movement, from subjectivity to objectivity, the formation of physical subjects, different rituals and emphasis on sensory perceptions, so that the concepts of the surrounding world for him can only be defined in a living-body context. The French thinker, Levinas, (1995-1906) is one of the late philosophers who has a physical perception of the world. He is known as a "philosopher of ethics" and "another philosopher" who has studied philosophy from the point of view of moral aspects and in a physical context. "Responsibility towards others" is his most important intellectual statement. The most prominent characteristics of this theory are: 1. The moral thing is formed in the confrontation with the other and the relationship of the subject with the other. 2. Responsibility towards others is associated with responding to his needs and this happens in the form of a physical behavior. 3.Responsibility towards others requires self-care and body control for the benefit of others. 4. Responsibility towards others includes the matter of "saying"; That is, we are required to react to the "other" and respond to his call. Golestan Saadi is one of the prominent moral texts that in his era considered the review of ethics and education as a necessity. In this book, the focus of Saadi's attention is the concern of the "other" and the need for appropriate response and responsibility towards him. The present study deals with the adaptation of the theory of responsibility towards others with "It" with a descriptive-analytical method. Our selected data includes; Eight anecdotes from "It" are normalized according to characteristics such as having a narrative plot, the presence of participants, physical and dramatic behaviors, the type of discourse and punishment. The compatibility of the theory with the field of discussion is shown as follows: The confrontation of two faces in stories, in a dramatic way 2. The clarity of the moral concept in the form of physical and action-based behaviors and Reactions. 3. The appearance of responsibility towards others in the form of controlling physical behavior in the form of normalizing punishment. 4. The appearance of "saying" in the stories in the form of physical confrontation, dialogue between two characters, moral behavior and facing punishment and punishment. The findings show that paying attention to otherness and otherness in "It" is important from three aspects:1. It has caused the formation of moral discourses whose purpose is to reject moral vices and highlight virtues for the benefit of others. 2. The need to pay attention to otherness leads to the acceptance of some limitations, so the result of the issue of controlling the body and taking care of the self for the benefit of another has not been the basis for the widespread discussion of moral discipline in "It" 3. In "It" moral discourse, responsibility towards others, in addition to controlling the body, is accompanied by controlling the language, that is, avoiding the command and addressing the manner of moral books, and the language is "speaking" as a living and dynamic process and normalizing punishment with Joke and criticism methods are also among the subtleties of artistic expression with characteristics such as the dialogue of two conflicting moral discourses and contradictory situations, physical and dramatic behaviors in it; In fact, with an artistic view, efforts have been made to reject moral vices and beautify virtues.

This research, with a descriptive-analytical method, examines "responsibility towards others" and "control of the body" for the benefit of another in Goleston's Saadi. The theoretical framework of this research is to outline and discuss issues related to this theory and its relationship with "It" such as ethics and confrontation with others, responsibility towards others and the subject of the body, self-care and the subject of self-control (Normal punishment), the responsibility towards the other and the matter of "saying" is reserved. Our selected data are the eight stories of "It" according to the characteristics such as having a narrative plan, the presence of participants, physical and dramatic behaviors, the type of discourse, the formation of a contradictory situation and the control of the body based on light and heavy punishments.

It seems that the moral discourse and related concepts communication have a significant reflection and they are presented in an ideological application in Golestan Saadi. Most of the professors know Saadi as a teacher of ethics. According to the Iranian-Islamic moral discourse, the morality that originates from Saadi's mentality is gentle, tolerant, dependent on conditions and situations, or according to Jan Ripka, it has a slippery truth. Considering the social and political conditions of his time, He pays attention to the review of ethics and education is a necessity. In His ideal society, we are responsible to others and our happiness depends on their health and morals. In fact, it depends on the actions of others that we reach happiness and excellence; In his thought, a person knows and understands himself with the help of others and becomes his own happiness. In fact, his desire is realized by looking at the "other".  "Other" is not an obstacle, but it is also a mirror that makes you realize your flaws and our peace and security depends on his peace and security. Philosophy of him is that all humans have a body that their pain or happiness is dependent on each other and happiness are dependent and taking care on another. This research tries to reread Saadi's moral discourse from the perspective of Levinas and answers the following question:How is responsibility towards others and self-care represented in Golestan Saadi?What is the relationship between self-care and responsibility towards others in Golestan Saadi?What is the discourse reflection of responsibility towards others and self-care in Golestan Saadi at the level of language?

Saadia's Golestan is one of the prominent texts in the field of ethics, in which attention to otherness and otherness is expressed in an application and dialogue-oriented process with an indirect expression. Attention to others in "it" has the following characteristics: 1. It has caused the formation of moral discourses and concepts related to it, such as hypocrisy, restraint, contentment, miserliness, bullying, education or silence, ignorance, extravagance, etc. 2. Paying attention to others in "it" requires the application of restrictions and control of the body, so that a huge amount of dos and don'ts in the form of moral discipline finds meaning in the form of self-care. Efforts towards humane correction along with punitive techniques are part of this discipline and control of the body Saadia knew that the issue of responsibility towards others has a spiritual horizon and its explicit statement in the form of a mere norm or code ethics is not very effective, so he represented it with an artistic language in the form of the following characteristics: a. The confrontation of two contradictory characters or faces, each of which represents a desirable moral concept and the other an undesirable one. b. physical behaviors; That is, a moral vice such as "hypocrisy", which is a kind of dualization of behavior, is made concrete and conceptualized through theatrical aspects. c. The process of "telling" with features such as physical encounter, character dialogues, theatrical behavior, encountering an incident and punishment has created a dynamic and lively context. d. Standardized punishment with light and heavy punishments has helped to reject the behavior. Therefore, in Saadia's Golestan, every moral concept of the passage of the body is made tangible and represented for the audience in an experimental and dramatic way. In this way, the narrative structure of each story is processed in two situations. The first stage is showing the physical behavior of the subject or otherwise, and the second position of the subject is facing an incident, which eventually returns to the state of balance with punishment.

This article investigates the effect of using three nanofluids as exhaust gas cooling fluid in an EGR cooler. Reducing the exhaust temperature of diesel engines can reduce environmental and thermal pollutants. In a conventional 3-liter engine in all kinds of vehicles, 20 to 40 kW of its 115 kW power is being wasted. The engine shell temperature rises to 600 degrees Celsius.  Exhaust gas recirculation can recover a part of it. Exhaust gas recirculation can recover thermal energy by exhaust gas recirculation method by charging a thermal energy storage tank to feed a diesel engine in cold start.Many researchers have simulated natural convection in the nanofluids. The innovation of the current research is the use of 61 tubes inside the small heat exchanger that is cooled by the discussed nanofluids in the exhaust gas recirculation system of the diesel engine that works with the paraffin phase changer and the exhaust gas recirculation rate is 60% to Reduce of environmental pollution and smoother operation of diesel engine. The inlet is steady state turbulent. The thickness of the inner tubes is considered close to zero. The shell is adiabatic. Both of them exit the heat exchanger under pressure. Three nanoparticles of diamond, silicon dioxide, and copper are considered. This numerical simulation has solved the continuity equations, energy, Navier-Stokes, the pressure drop along the pipe, flow, and rotation equation, kinetic energy disturbance, and energy loss rate equation. The results showed a higher pressure drop for the silicon dioxide-ethylene glycol nanofluid. Silicon dioxide-ethylene glycol nanofluid has a higher Nusselt number, slightly different from other nanofluids. Also, Copper ethylene glycol has a lower Velocity among nanofluids

The high school years are a critical period in students' lives, marked by rapid academic, social, and emotional development. Group counseling in high schools has emerged as a vital tool to support students through these challenges, offering a unique avenue for addressing a range of developmental and educational needs. This article aims to explore the impact of groupcounseling on enhancing student performance and personal growth within high school settings.

Methods and Materials:

The review involved a comprehensive search of academic databases using keywords such as "group counseling," "high school," "student performance," and "personal growth." Studies specifically examining the impact of group counseling on high school students were included. The selected literature was analyzed and synthesized to provide a coherent understanding of the current state of group counseling in high schools, focusing on its methods, effectiveness, challenges, and best practices.

The review highlights the effectiveness of group counseling in various domains, including academic support, social skills enhancement, and mental health improvement. Key challenges in implementing group counseling programs were identified, such as resourceconstraints, student participation, and variability in program implementation. Effective practices and recommendations for schools were outlined, including tailored interventions, collaborative approaches, continuous training for counselors, and integrating counseling into the school curriculum.

Group counselingin high schools is a valuable intervention that significantly impacts student performance and personal growth. It addresses the holistic needs of high school students, contributing to their overall success and well-being. The review suggests areas for future research and development in group counseling and recommends that schools develop policies and practices to integrate group counseling into their educational framework, ensuring that all students have access to these vital services

One of the most important issues in accurate gas measurement is the uncertainty of the meter as the measurement tool. According to relevant standards and guidelines, it is necessary that the uncertainty of each component of the measurement system, such as the measurement element (e.g., orifice plate), temperature and pressure transmitter devices, etc., be within the permissible range. In addition, one of the very critical issues that unfortunately is not given much attention today is the overall uncertainty of the measurement system and the interactions and mutual effects of the system components on each other and on the overall uncertainty of the system. Therefore, this study presents the necessary relationships for calculating the overall uncertainty of gas meter calibration laboratories in the country. Finally, the overall uncertainty of two centers is calculated and reported as an example. One of these centers had the ability to calibrate turbine meters and the other had the ability to calibrate diaphragm meters. The results showed that the overall uncertainty of the turbine meter calibration center was 0.422%, of which the calibration deviation of the reference meter had the greatest role in this overall uncertainty. Also, the calculation of the overall uncertainty of the diaphragm meter calibration center showed that the best overall uncertainty of this center was 0.23%.

One of the characteristics of the Islam which has appeared since its advent and during different periods is the capacity of establishing civilization. In addition to this inherent feature, the Muslim world also has significant civilizational capacities. The term "Islamic World" rather than expressing a geographical location, represents the identity of more than one and a half billion people who have a religion in common which links this huge and diverse population together. This huge population with its vast geographical area increases the capacity of civilization-making of the Islamic world. Therefore, this research tries to answer this question, ‘what are the civilizational capacities of the Islamic world?’ This study tries to identify and explain these capacities through a descriptive-analytical method.Some of the civilizational capacities of the Islamic world are the mass of the population, the diaspora and vastness of the territory, intellectual and human knowledge, the power of communication and linguistic diversity, ummatism and universality, strategic location and abundant resources, the Islamic Revolution and the Islamic Republic, Hajj and Arbaeen Pilgrimage Gathering. Unfortunately, due to the dominance and influence of arrogance, corrupt and dependent governments, and the existence of disagreements in the Islamic world, these capacities have not been actualized well. Therefore, the best way to take advantage of these capacities is to converge, unite and move towards a new Islamic civilization.

The importance of the effect of geographic climate on the performance parameters of cars requires comprehensive studies and research in this field, especially in Iran, where the diversity of climatic conditions is clearly evident. The factor scores of each of the influential components in determining the climate divide Iran into four climatic categories, which are: (1) dry, (2) humid with heavy rainfall, (3) semi-humid, semi-dry and (4) humid with little rainfall. Therefore, in this research, the effect of geographic climate on the characteristics of statistical data and driving cycle has been investigated. For this purpose, four cities of Arak (semi-arid to semi-humid), Tehran (dry), Ahvaz (humid with low rainfall) and Rasht (humid with high rainfall) were selected as representatives of their climate. Then, by reducing the dimensions of the data from 12 to 2 statistical data characteristics, using PCA analysis, and then by clustering the data using the chemical mean method, and extracting the driving cycles of each city under different climatic conditions, the effect of the geographic climate on the characteristics of the statistical data and the driving cycles of the case was investigated, and also the data of the city of Rasht on rainy and non-rainy days were separated and analyzed, and in the results of the investigations, it was observed that climatic conditions can have significant effects on the average driving speed (about 21 percent), travel time ( about 18 percent) as well as average travel speed (about 22 percent) and car stopping percentage (about 84.4 percent). As a result, it can be said that geographical climate is one of the most influential factors on driving cycles.

 The Poshtkouh region was considered a strategic area in the western boundaries of Iran, and the Feyli governors who had ruled Pishkouh and Poshtkouh in Lorestan as local governors since the Safavid Dynasty were selected by the central government to rule the region. The present study aimed to investigate the following question: what were the changes occurring on the western boundaries of Iran in Poshtkouh during the Qajar era?The study employed a descriptive-analytical methodology by relying on historical documents and maps and library resources, and the findings showed that the Poshtkouh region in the western boundaries of Iran witnessed relative changes in the Qajar Era due to the presence of strategic areas like the Seifi and Malkhatavi lands, border rivers like Konjancham, Gavi, and Changouleh, the Baghsaei region, and the salt mines of Poshtkouh. In this period, the Poshtkouh region did not suffer changes due to the military strength of its governors and the effective presence of the Tribes and clans of the region, and its geographical domain included parts of the Jassan, Badra, Zurbatiyah, and Tursaq in the Ottoman land.

One of the disputed issues between Iran and the Ottomans from the second half of Naser al-Din Shah's reign onwards was the construction of the boundary fortifications of Marivan, Avroman, and Lahijan on the Iranian-Ottoman boundary. This research seeks to find the answer to this question: What effect did the construction of boundary fortifications on the boundaries of Marivan, Avroman, and Lahijan have on Iran-Ottoman relations and transformation of Iran's western boundaries in the Qajar era? The findings of this research, which is carried out with descriptive-explanatory method using historical documents and maps, and desk study, showed that following the construction of new boundary fortifications by the Iranian government in Ardalan Kurdistan and Mukriyan, the Ottoman government tried to induce tensions in the western boundaries of Iran by making claims on the boundary blocks of Marivan, Avroman, and Lahijan, and with an emphasis on the claim that these areas are inside the Status Quo plan in order to impose its own desired terms in the provisions of the boundary committees. Finally, with the intervention of intermediary governments and based on the protocols of Tehran and Istanbul and the Boundary Commission in the year 1332 A.H., these areas were recognized as belonging to the Iranian government.

One of the artistic manifestations of imagination, which helps in deepening poetry is the literary device of symbolism. Symbols pull apart the superficial layers of the words, reflect their hidden meanings, and reveal their capacity in conveying mental images. In children’s poetry, symbolism carries out the same prominent role, but since the mental world of the audience and their understanding are limited, the symbols must be chosen as simple as possible. This paper aims to compare plant and animal symbols and their frequency in Persian and Kurdish children’s poetry. Findings show that the frequency of employing symbols in Kurdish children’s poetry is higher than in Persian. Animal symbols in the children’s poetry of both languages are more than plant symbols. Moreover, the most used symbolic animals in Persian children’s poems are birds, whereas in Kurdish are mammals.

Persian language and literature, as one of the significant elements of the Iranian culture and identity, has always been one of the strengths and ways of introducing and expanding Iranian culture and civilization to other nations. Even today, language and literature are of special importance in the political and cultural relations of countries and are considered as one of the primary factors in the creation and expansion of soft power. Therefore, considering that the Islamic revolution and the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran have had tremendous effects internationally and on the Islamic world and have caused Islamic awakening and the revival of Islamic culture and civilization, the main question that arises here and is addressed in this study is what are the capacities of the Persian language and literature in Iran’s foreign relations?
Considering the place of the Islamic Republic’s Supreme Leader’s view in the country's macro policies as well as foreign relations policy-making, this study, tries to answer the mentioned question based on Ayatollah Khamenei’s views through a descriptive-analytical method.
In the view of Ayatollah Khamenei, script and language are of special importance and Persian language is one of the imperative elements of Iranian national identity. Language makes the main channel of culture transmission and one of the tools of influence and even domination over other nations. He considers the Persian language to be full of the teachings of Islam and the Islamic Revolution, and considers it the best medium and carrier to convey the message of the Islamic Revolution to the nations worldwide. He recognizes the revival of the Persian language and literature one of the duties of the Islamic Republic.

In this research, different aspects of humor and contradictions and their types, in all the works of one of the most famous contradictors of Persian literature; That is, according to Atameh Shirazi, it was thoroughly studied by descriptive-analytical method and library resources, and for this purpose, from the theories of critics; Like Bakhtin, Joseph Shabili, Heather Dobrev, Arthur Pollard, were used. The findings show that legitimate contradictions are not merely comparative; Rather, they have various functions; Criticism of the poetic themes and ancient literary style of their time, by de-familiarization and violation of their purpose and protesting the economic and social situation of the people with this exaggerated trick that the theme of all past forms, from epic to lyric about food and food The generalities of his divan are a mixture of all kinds of humor and contradictions; Like Manipusi satire, allegory, satirical comedy, guaranteed contradiction, ridiculous epic, with irony and carnival laughter.

Introduction:

 Livelihood is recognized as a center for sustainable rangeland management. Thus, in order to achieve sustainable rangeland management attention to livelihood is crucial. In this regard, Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization of Iran in order to deal with the challenges and problems of natural resource management and improved livelihoods of rangeland users has approved and implemented protection, conservation, development, rehabilitation and rehabilitation projects.

Purpose of the research: 

Plant diversity in rangelands and, consequently, the abundance of animal species can provide diverse service and functional potentials and values. Due to climate conditions and utilization techniques of arid and semi-arid rangelands, this species has become especially important issue.

Methodology :

This research methodologically is descriptive-analytical-survey. The statistical population was informed experts of the General Department of Natural Resources of Isfahan province and Feraidunshahr city and rangeland users of Feraidunshahr city.  In this study, non-probability method and purposeful sampling of experienced experts of the organization, experts and key local informants were used. Based on the main aim of research, the structured questionnaire of livelihood capital was developed.Questionnaire data scale based on the Likert scale were collected quantitatively, entered into Excel, and then analyzed by SPSS software. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by the panel of experts and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's test.Geographical area of research The statistical population was informed experts of the General Department of Natural Resources of Isfahan province and Feraidunshahr city and rangeland users of Feraidunshahr city.

Results and discussion:

 Kruskal-Wallis post hoc analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the criteria of livelihood capital for both groups of rangeland users and experts. In addition, Mann-Whitney analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the perspectives of users and experts. The study discussed the divergence and convergence of the views of the target groups.

Conclusion:

 In general, natural and human capital has the highest importance among livelihood capital, which indicates its special importance of in future planning and policy-making for sustainable rangeland management.

The concept of Zero Energy Building [5] has been introduced globally to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions in the building sector. Renewable energy systems such as Solar Thermal collectors, Photovoltaic collectors, and Heat Pumps are used to implement ZEBs. This study proposes a Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal-Air Source Heat Pump (BIPVT-ASHP) to realize ZEB in a small-scale building. To evaluate the performance of the system, a BIPVT-ASHP hybrid system model was designed, and also the building load model was defined based on the actual building conditions. Then, the heating and cooling performance of the BIPVT-ASHP system was dynamically simulated for one year using TRNSYS software. Then the system was numerically evaluated from energy, economic and environmental perspectives. According to the results of this study, for this system, the initial non-renewable energy consumption was 1.29 kWh/m2 per year, which was less than the heating energy threshold for the ZEB, and the proposed system met well the ZEB conditions. In addition, it was shown that for a given area, photovoltaic/thermal technology leads to a further reduction in non-renewable primary energy consumption but less solar thermal energy production compared to traditional separate production using photovoltaic [2] collectors.

here is a mutual relation between the Quran and Islamic philosophy. Just as the Quran was influential on Islamic philosophy, the latter affected how we understand Quranic teachings. By a philosophical understanding of the Quran I mean the grasp of the ultimate meanings of the Quran by deployment of the philosophical method or exploitation of philosophical doctrines and propositions. In this article, I consider the nature, possibility and permissibility, conditions, and necessity of a philosophical understanding of the Quran. By adopting a descriptive-analytic method, I show that there is no problem in understanding the Quran through the philosophical method. However, there are two ways in which philosophical doctrines, including philosophical theories, principles, proofs, and propositions can be deployed in the understanding of the Quran: comparative-interpretative and analytic. The former leads to personal speculations or “interpretation with personal opinions” (al-tafsīr bi-l-raʾy), which is impermissible according to Muslim scholars, but the latter is permissible (if not necessary) under certain conditions.

The relationship between ethics and politics is one of the most challenging issues in the history of classical and modern political thought. This challenge has led to the formation of different approaches in explaining this relationship. This research has been written with the aim of applying the thought of the leaders of the Islamic Revolution in explaining moral politics and achieving a conceptual model that expresses their thought. The historical and epistemological features of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the prominence of the "thought of the leaders" and the lack of a moral reading of the construction of power has demanded the importance and necessity of an explanation consistent with the intellectual paradigm of the leaders of the Islamic Revolution. Therefore, the issue of the present study is how ethical politics in the thought of the leadership of the Islamic Revolution. This issue was studied using the conceptual implications of politics and ethics and using the "method of thematic analysis" in the thought of Imam Khomeini and Ayatollah Khamenei. By explaining the problem and analyzing the data, in this research, four practical strategies were identified that help to moralize politics: a) the need to refer ethical politics to the paradigmatic roots of the Islamic Revolution; Two) Strengthening the link between ethical politics and individual ethics; Three) the need to observe the expediencies in ethical politics; Four) Promoting ethics to the end of the Islamic State.

Human knowledge is swiftly moving towards independence and specialization. One of the requirements of independence is having a special, systematic, and creative language and discourse. Literary criticism, as specialized knowledge, due to this necessity, turns upon the creation of new terms. However, the dependence of literary works on language, emotions, and mentalities, the differences, and the unique linguistic and cultural capacities of each nation require researchers to develop terms appropriate to their native works in order to understand and evaluate their literary works comprehensively. In the present study, by explaining the necessity of terminology in criticism and the scientific principles of terminology, we have examined the terms suggested by Shafii Kodkani in literary criticism from various aspects. The results of the research show that since these terms have emerged by combining classic native knowledge and new literary ideas and are made based on the structural and aesthetic capacities of the Persian language, they have been established and used widely in the discourse of literary criticism and give us hope for the formation of native literary criticism.IntroductionThe Persian language, like other languages, has characteristics that many literary techniques and devices of art are based on them. Therefore, criteria related to literary criticism should be formed in accordance with the aesthetics and poetics of this language to evaluate its special capabilities.During more than fifty years of research, investigation and authoring of numerous works, and theorizing and creating terms in the field of literary criticism, Shafi'i Kadkani has contributed significantly to the growth of native literary criticism. Many of Shafi's terms in literary criticism, looking at the new principles of criticism and literary theory, are based on the special structure of the Persian language. The terms are essential for the Persian language and literature. They free the literary researchers and “leave a deep vortex of repetition, interference, superficiality, ignorance and sometimes theorizing, and sometimes a feeling of false exclusion and a generalization about one's own heritage” (Fotoohi, 2016, p. 12). Materials and MethodsIn this qualitative research, we have tried to investigate the critical terms in Shafi'i's works and his ideas in Persian literature with a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach. ResultsIn this research, by carefully studying the works of Shafifu and extracting terms of literary criticism, we examined terms considering two components: 1) scientific foundations, and 2) the rhetoric of making terms. In Shafi'i's works, in a general view, the terms are based on the foundations of new linguistics, especially the theories of formalism. Besides, they have been influenced by the scientific foundations of other branches of human sciences such as sociology, psychology, and analytical philosophy. In addition, factors such as secularizing or making concepts conventional, providing precise definitions and explanations of each term, modeling and systematizing them, classifying some concepts, avoiding ideological bias, and paying attention to the text have also strengthened the scientific aspects of these terms.Apart from the above technical fields, Shafi'i's poetic style and artistic taste and its combination with a scientific view have led to the construction of terms that are mostly based on similes and metaphors or synesthesia that help both beauty and a clearer understanding of the meaning of the term. Two factors are the greatest strengths of these terms: 1) practicality and modeling, and 2) updating of old literary knowledge based on scientific foundations and new approaches of criticism, and also practical adaptations of new theories of criticism, especially formalistic, structuralism and hermeneutic criticism.Shafi'i terms can be placed in three categories. The first category includes innovative terms that are made largely based on individual ideation, analysis, and reasoning. These terms rely on a coherent theoretical system and numerous experimental and practical examples and evidence. Second, adapted terms that are generally derived from the important contemporary currents of literary criticism especially formalism, structuralism, sociology of literature, hermeneutics, as well as classical Persian and Arabic literary criticism, including the opinions and ideas of people such as Gorjani and Jahiz and to some extent critics of Indian style.  The final category includes translated terms that are presented in his works.In the study of the construction of terms, it can be said that these terms are either a) taken from other fields of knowledge such as agriculture, folklore, and the fields of natural or technical  sciences and or they are old and familiar terms that have been reconstructed in a new meaning. ConclusionShafi'i is one of the few contemporary theorists who contributes to the localization of literary criticism by creating a terminology system based on scientific methods and placing them in the discourse of Persian literary criticism. His terms are placed in three categories of invented, redefined, or adapted and translated terms. While trying to revive the neglected theories of old criticism and rhetoric, they are largely based on new scientific methods, especially linguistics, philosophy, and sociology of literature. Also, in their construction, eloquence and rhetoric have been applied simultaneously and the use of literary techniques such as similes and metaphors have given them more clarity, simplicity, and comprehensibility.Among other issues, the precise definition of terms, the presentation of numerous evidence and modeling, the observance of impartiality, and a purely literary view and applied classifications have made such terms more and more popular among experts. The importance of these terms more than anything is that since they are based on the study of Persian language works and mastering them, they fully adapt to the structure of the Persian language. In addition, they have been planned according to accurate measurement and transparent criteria in this field, so by collecting these terms, we can hope for the formation of native academic literary criticism in Iran.

Leiden Quran Encyclopedia and Quran Encyclopedia Oliver Lyman are among the most important Quranic researches of Orientalists that have been written with the aim of presenting the teachings of the Holy Quran. This article examines and critiques the entries of reward, eagle, heaven and hell in these two encyclopedias. And explains their methodological and content problems separately. The overlap of some entries with each other, the existence of incomplete entries, citing research and non-original or invalid sources, incompatibility and inconsistency of the content of articles with each other are the most important methodological problems and instilling the effectiveness and adherence of the Qur'anic teachings to the previous teachings, the angelic devil, the physical depiction of heaven and hell, the presentation of a harsh and unbalanced image of the issue of punishment and reward in the Qur'an and the incorrect explanation of man's relationship with God's rule and Satan With Hell is their most important content flaws. This article, citing authoritative Islamic sources and solid Qur'anic arguments, shows that Qur'anic orientalists have not been able to gain an accurate understanding of the doctrinal teachings of the Qur'an, and therefore even their encyclopedic works are unreliable.

Carl Gustav Jung, a Prominent Swiss psychologist and founder of Collective Unconscious theory and Mythical Criticism, introduces and analyzes ancient archetypes and symbols in his works which is based on extensive research on the myths, rituals and literature of primitive and ancient peoples and nations. According to him, they all reflect and project the collective psyche and subconscious of the human race in its history of evolution. Naturally, the traces of these archetypes can be seen in many mystical, religious and non-religious beliefs of various nations, including Islamic mysticism hitherto. In this study, which is taken from a dissertation on the symbolism of Tazkerat al-Awliya based on Jung's views, a comparative analytical method is used to analyze the archetype of animism or mana in Jung's works and search for evidence in Attar's Tazkerat al-Awliya. In this research, the archetype of Mana and the idea of animism in animals, plants, some natural elements and inanimate objects were examined in Jung's theories and the anecdotes of Tazkereh al-Awliya. The result of this research indicates the existence of this archetype in the mentioned mystical text and adaptation of its evidences with Jung's interpretations

Responding to the technological challenges of the power energy industry by nurturing domestic R&D has been one of the main approaches for R&D activities in the Ministry of Energy of Iran (MOE). The current R&D governance in MOE is a hierarchical and vertical governance system, mainly based upon the paradigm of innovation systems. Although governments could apply the innovation systems theory very effectively in the innovation goal setting and allocation of R&D resources (such as budget, knowledge, and expertise), the emergence of the concepts of the innovation ecosystem and platform economics challenged the innovation system in terms of leadership and participation of the actors. There might be other R&D governance approaches that are better than the current linear and top-down governance system. In this article, using the case study research method, the current system of R&D governance in the power energy industry is carefully examined. We synthesized concepts of open innovation, platform economics, and crowdfunding to create a new R&D governance model. This model can be considered as an alternative to the current vertical model to implement the horizontal approach of innovation policy, and to create a platform for increasing the participation of public and private actors of the innovation ecosystem in terms of directing the innovation and resource allocation. Finally, some of the advantages and practical considerations of the proposed model were discussed.

In the world of storytelling, Gothic is a kind of story that asserts a line between reality, illusion, and madness. The interplay between reality and illusion, using a mysterious concept, and in particular drawing upon the general illusions and fears about death induce an incomprehensible apprehension in the reader. Such stories usually take place in a painful and morbid atmosphere. One of the most important works written in this style in the nineteenth century was the novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson. This genre also found its way into the field of Iranian novel writing, and one of the works that has the most important characteristics of this style is Malakoot, which in terms of content and characteristics of the Gothic school is comparable to Stevenson’s novel. The helplessness and duality of the characters, the metamorphosis, the conflict of the characters with the inner and outer world, the presence of ghosts, scary places, death, madness, horrible murders, strange, scary and unreasonable events, fear, etc. are some of the Gothic features of both these works.

Naser Khosrow’s intellectual system has been formed on the basis of his deep knowledge of religions, nations and ideologies, his faith inIsmailism, as well asthe cosmological and anthropological issues;and this coherent system of thought has had a decisive and visible effect on other aspects of his speech, including imagery.One of the important centers of artistic images in his works is the reflection on the dual spiritual and physical nature of man. Based on a descriptive-analytical method, this study seeks to search for the roots and sources of the artistic images of the body and soul in the works of Naser Khosrow as well as theircriticism and analysis.The origin of body and soul, the philosophy of the soul belonging to the body, the nature and destiny of body and soul and the different needs of these two are the most important reasons for creating numerous images of body and soul in Naser Khosrow’s works.Several other important clusters of images of body and soul are formed around concepts such as house and landlord, servant and master, ship and shipmaster, shirt, pearl and shell, mine and gem, prison and prisoner, and book and tree, showing body and soul relations from different perspectives.The results of the study show that the roots and sources of many images of body and soul in Nasser Khosrow’s works have been mentioned in previous theological and philosophical sources, including ancient Greek, Gnostic, Indian, Iranian, and Islamic works.