olitical order, bureaucracy and development of Iran in the Pahlavi period

This article seeks to examine the relationship between political order and bureaucracy with the development of the Pahlavi period. The development of Iran in the Qajar period, due to the increase in international relations and the imposition of Western state contracts on Iran, was considered by the bureaucratic elites, and steps were taken in state-building, but did not lead to development. The Pahlavi government was established with increasing political irregularities throughout the country. Due to political irregularities in different parts of the country, the bureaucratic elites of the first Pahlavi state put state-building in their plans to increase government control throughout the country. In state-building, they sought to establish a centralized state with an efficient bureaucracy, an modern education system, and modern military forces. The second Pahlavi also made efforts in this direction, but their efforts did not lead to development, and finally Reza Shah fell with the attacks of the Allies and Mohammad Reza Shah fell with the victory of the Islamic Revolution. This article seeks to identify the reasons for the lack of development of the Pahlavi period in spite of the efforts made by the bureaucratic elites of the Pahlavi state using Fukuyama's theory of political order and decline.Due to the political irregularities in the late Qajar period, the bureaucratic elites of the Pahlavi state planned state-building to increase government control throughout the country, but the Pahlavi state-building was not welcomed by social forces. The priority of the social forces was democratic accountability and the rule of law, which led to political irregularities and the lack of development of the Pahlavi period.