Studying the argument in challenging verses (Tahaddi) in argumentation theory

The purpose of this study is to examine the arguments used in Tahaddy verses based on Douglas Walton’s (2008) framework. In this study, we contrast the arguments presented by Tahaddy verses with Douglas Walton's (2008) arguments, and then examine each argument in turn. Muslims believe that God, as the creator of man and the absolute universe, provides the best argument for convincing people, so it seems crucial to examine the arguments in the Qur'an and make them known for their own benefit. Therefore, it is necessary to examine these arguments, since the results of this research might lead to a deeper and more accurate understanding of human logic based on God's knowledge of man. It is known that God asks the polytheists in five verses if they claim this Qur'an is a human word (and the word of the Prophet himself), then bring even one verse like them. These verses are called Tahaddy in the Qur'an. This type of argument seems to be a unique and exclusive type of argument that does not fit into Walton's context due to its idiomatic meaning. Following our review of the Tahaddy verses and comparison with Walton's argument schemas, the study came to the conclusion that the argument used in the Tahaddy did not correspond to any of the sixty cases Walton introduced. Therefore, we introduced Tahaddy as a new argument to this model with a new scheme.