Stigma; A systematic review of studies conducted in Iran

To understand the stigma process in the context of Iranian society, the present study has systematically reviewed the literature in this field. Therefore, after going through the three-step process of systematic review, 66 articles were identified for study. According to the results, stigma includes three stages: label, response, and consequence, which appear in interactions in the social context, in the form of labels and sarcastic statements such as insults and humiliation, inappropriate behaviors such as verbal violence, and gestures. Then the person adopts interactive or non-interactive strategies to handle his/her identity. The last stage is the wide range of negative personal consequences such as the emergence of negative and social feelings such as rejection and discrimination, which, having the capacity to create challenges in social identity, excludes people from the natural flow of life and deprives them of human rights and citizenship.