A Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Design with Economic Pricing and Environmental Considerations under Fuzzy Uncertainty

Today due to the significance of environmental pollutants and the increase of global standards for the environment, more attention has been paid to the design of closed-loop supply chain networks with green considerations. On the other hand, the direct and inverse chains affect each other in terms of the efficiency rate. As a result, the performance of each chain has its own effect on other chains and on the entire supply chain. In this research, we design a mathematical model for the green closed-loop heavy-duty supply chain network, which considers products under conditions of uncertainty with the concept of economic pricing. Economic pricing in this issue increases economic profitability. The designed mathematical model has a fuzzy basis and pursues two objectives. The first goal is to minimize costs and the second goal is to minimize environmental pollutants. The decisions made in this model include determining the optimal location of each center based on potential locations, the optimal amounts of production, distribution, collection and recycling, and also the reproduction of products. Furthermore, a two-sample independent t-test is used to validate the results of the definite and indefinite models. To solve the two-objective function model, the ε-constraint method is used so that the problem can guarantee strong Pareto optimal solutions and prevent weak Pareto solutions. Finally, to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method, a case in the field of heavy tires is studied, solved and implemented to produce and present valuable management results.