Iran and Ottomans Disputes over the Boundary Fortifications of Marivan, Avroman and Lahijan (Lajan) in the Qajar era

One of the disputed issues between Iran and the Ottomans from the second half of Naser al-Din Shah's reign onwards was the construction of the boundary fortifications of Marivan, Avroman, and Lahijan on the Iranian-Ottoman boundary. This research seeks to find the answer to this question: What effect did the construction of boundary fortifications on the boundaries of Marivan, Avroman, and Lahijan have on Iran-Ottoman relations and transformation of Iran's western boundaries in the Qajar era? The findings of this research, which is carried out with descriptive-explanatory method using historical documents and maps, and desk study, showed that following the construction of new boundary fortifications by the Iranian government in Ardalan Kurdistan and Mukriyan, the Ottoman government tried to induce tensions in the western boundaries of Iran by making claims on the boundary blocks of Marivan, Avroman, and Lahijan, and with an emphasis on the claim that these areas are inside the Status Quo plan in order to impose its own desired terms in the provisions of the boundary committees. Finally, with the intervention of intermediary governments and based on the protocols of Tehran and Istanbul and the Boundary Commission in the year 1332 A.H., these areas were recognized as belonging to the Iranian government.