The criteria of ascertainment of the likelihood of confusion ‎in trademarks infringement based on U.S. and Iran law

Diagnosis of trademark infringements in case of similarity is not easy to do; Achieving such a diagnosis must be done with time and accurately. The criterion of infringement in this assumption is the likelihood of confusion of buyer, and the Iranian legislator in the Act of registration patents, industrial designs, and trademarks adopted in 2007 has stated that with using a fairly ambiguous term (public confusion). But the law is silent on two issues, and from this point of view, this research is felt, and We will deal with this issue in a descriptive-analytical manner, relying on the procedure of US courts, and in particular US doctrine. The question is, first of all: What should be the subject of the buyer's confusion, and how and at what time? Secondly, on what factors should the judge justify the existence of the condition of the likelihood of confusion or not? In addition, how to prove the existence of actual confusion or not and the impact of this issue on the condition of the likelihood of confusion is examined.