Investigation and analysis of the form in Nader Ebrahimi's ghazal stories of Bad Years; Based on Simpson's views on validity

Nader Ebrahimi is one of the most prominent literary figures of the Persian language in the contemporary era, who has created works in various fields. As a popular writer, he has represented his approaches in relation to the conditions of the society of the time and its demographic layers and has reflected individual and group demands in his works, among these works are the Ghazal stories of the bad years. In the realization of this goal, the use of means has been effective. Paul Simpson has a special place among the literary critics who have provided extensive and thoughtful comments on the subject. While introducing the four aspects of imperative, commitment, epistemology and perception, he has described components for each. The aim of the present research is to investigate the examples of the four aspects in the mentioned work and to explain the secondary purposes of Ebrahimi from the work of each aspect.

The article was compiled based on library sources and descriptive-analytical method.

Ebrahimi has used more epistemic and perceptual aspects in this work and has represented the conditions from his point of view by using adverbs, adjectives and verbs. Also, it was found that the author started the process of influencing the audience from the structural layers of the text and transferred it to the deeper layers in order to strengthen his speech - which mainly had a political, social, and cultural charge - in the verbal and content layers.

Ebrahimi has tried to explain his criticisms by using the concept of Mode and challenge the foundations of the political system of the time by properly using the capacities of Mode systems.