مجله سبک شناسی نظم و نثر فارسی (بهار ادب)
پیاپی 87 (امرداد 1402)

The science of semantics is one of the literary and rhetorical sciences that expresses the methods of expressing words according to the situation and position of the audience, and from that point of view, the speakers show their ability in the art of rhetoric and conveying the meaning according to the situation and the position of the listener. They show. Bidel Dehlavi is undoubtedly one of the stars of Persian literature in Indian style. One of the manifestations of semantic knowledge in Bidel's sonnets is brevity, which has not been addressed as it should be; For this reason, the present study tries to examine the beginning thirty sonnets of Bidel from the point of view of brevity.

The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and its data has been collected using library sources. The studied collection is thirty ghazals (338 verses) from Bidel Dehlavi's ghazals edited by Akbar Behdarvand, which was published by Negha Publications.

The findings of the research show that " Terseness Brachiology " has the highest frequency and " omission Ellipsis" has the lowest frequency in the beginning thirty ghazals of Bidel Dehlavi.

Bidel has used a lot of metaphors such as simile, allusion, metaphor, simile, contradiction, allusion, and contradiction to make his speech concise and by this means he has added to the richness of his speech and made the audience's mind struggle.

Epic is an integral part of Iranian life and has a special place in the literature of our nation for centuries. The present study investigates the effect of some components of formalism in space creation. We are trying to show what factors can be presented as a result of the combination and application of the fundamental information that the theatrical space of the Shahnameh has gradually aged through.

In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method and with the tools provided by formalism, this topic has been investigated and analyzed in Kikavus's war book and Sohrab's book of grief from Ferdowsi's Shahname.

In this a rticle, the components of formalism were first presented, and after providing the necessary evidence from the Shahnameh, it analyzed the way of dramatic space creation, and paid attention to how they function in the process of space creation using textual analysis.

The present research shows how through the communication and interaction of different formalistic layers, it is possible to form the overall representational specialization; In such a way that with the formalist arrangements, the poet has been able to introduce the place, time, action, and position of the characters and to dominate the dramatic atmosphere of the story with states such as coldness, warmth, heaviness, despair, joy, fear, love, sadness, suspicion, and mystery.

Khajo-ye Kermani, one of the leading figures of Persian literature in the 8th century, followed Ganjavi's method to compose poems such as "Rouzeh al-Anwar", "Goharnameh" and "Kamalnameh" in order to express his style in this way. His predecessors should convey their moral teachings to the audience with an orderly and pleasant expression. He has acted in two different ways in this field; In the sense that sometimes these teachings are presented directly from the poet's own language and sometimes indirectly from the language of fictional characters. "Rouzeh al-Anwar" mystical, moral and social systems in the fast sea, based on the weight of military secrets and compiled in twenty articles, each of them is on a specific topic and is explained and confirmed with an anecdote.

The present research was carried out in a descriptive-analytical manner using library resources.

Khajo-ye Kermani, in the "Rouzeh al-Anwar" system, paid attention to the arrangement of words and bringing in new and new allusions and metaphors in the introduction and beginning of twenty articles, and the desire to be artistic in any possible way is evident in his work. In this poem, Khajo expands the stories that often do not exceed the limit of questions and answers by describing the states and moods of the characters, and narrates the conversation sometimes up to 49 verses. The attachment to the music of words and the harmony of words and the appropriateness of expressions is a significant and noticeable feature in this work of Khajo. As if the poet's thought starts its movement from the music of words. Paying attention to the use of wise words and similes and the use of similes should be considered as one of the main features of this system. The findings of the research show that Nakhleband poets among the literary arrays in the domain of innovation tend more than anything to all kinds of puns, phonemes, repetitions, emphasis and contrast, and at the level of expressive arrays, simile and the metaphor of the expression have the highest frequency in his words.

The results of this research indicate that Khajo-ye Kermani in the "Rouzeh al-Anwar" system, by mixing social and moral themes with mystical concepts and teachings, gave a "mystical" color to his system and his characters. In these anecdotes, which are mostly from well-known Sufis such as Bayazid Bastami, Junaid Baghdadi and Abu Bakr Shebli, they are used as a tool to persuade the audience and the effect of these teachings on his soul and soul. Of course, it is also necessary to mention that in this poem, Khajo did not neglect his style of characterization of lyrical poems and characters like "Laili and Majnoon" also play a role in some of the stories of this poem among the main characters.

Iraj Mirza's poems, as the most prominent poet of our time, deserve a lot of consideration and stylistic discussions are an important method in examining literary works due to the inclusion of various literary knowledge. Therefore, the stylistic analysis of Iraj Mirza's poems is necessary in two ways; One is to compensate for our inadequacy in the matter of great poetry and the other is the importance of stylistic debates. The purpose of this research is to introduce Iraj Mirza's personal style as a poet with style; As Baqir Sadriniya considers his poems "exceptional" in the constitutional period and Gholamhossein Yousefi introduces him as having a special eloquence.

The current research is a theoretical study that was conducted in a descriptive-analytical way on Iraj Mirza's poems. This book of poems has been published by Mohammad J’afar Mahjoub in Andisheh Publishing House. In the upcoming research and in the examination of his personal style, only the dominant aspects have been mentioned, which means that there may be pure metaphors in Iraj Mirza's poems, but since it is not the dominant aspect, it has not been mentioned.

Iraj Mirza shows the frequent features of his personal style and his innovations in the axis of companionship and at the level of language, and in this regard, his poems are dominated by similes, allusions, and proverbs of today's life, and metaphors and generally deviation from soft in the axis of substitution. It has a low frequency in his poetry.

Similes with pseudo-original features, allusions and living contemporary similes, having a wide treasure of new and old and relevant words and vocabulary and the power of summoning them at the same time, the rare association and agreement of words in the syntactic chain, choosing words with respect to phonetic and semantic proportions , the power of creating new words and adjectives in times of need and social criticisms, along with Melih's humor, has made him a different poet and owner of style.

Baha' al-Din Muhammad Ameli, known as Sheikh Baha'i (953-1030 AH), is one of the most virtuous scholars of the Safavid period, who wrote poems in Persian and Arabic. In this article, with a stylistic approach, his Persian and Arabic poems are analyzed in a comparative way in terms of structure and content.

The collection of research data has been done in a library manner, and the research findings are written in a descriptive and analytical way. The statistical population includes Sheikh Baha'i's Diwan and his Arabic poems, which were published in Al-Kashkul and various books.

gs: Sheikh Baha'i's Persian poems are simple and without language difficulties, and in Arabic poetry, he wrote simple poems according to Arabic Morph syntax. Macaronic language, the use of Arabic prosody, the use of Arabic words is some of the influences of the Arabic language that can be seen in his Persian poetry. In the comparative comparison, there are similarities in the structure and content of both his poems. There are many types of repetition in the form of puns, Alliteration, repetition of words, sentences rejection and reverse, similes, metaphors, Quranic Allusion, contrasts, allusions, Metonymy, in the rhetorical structure. And in the content, he pays attention to mystical, religious, educational, and lyrical themes, mysticism and religion are the main motifs of his poems. Love for God, Rogue and Qalandari, description of wine, condemnation of the hypocrisy of ascetics, attention to religiosity, advice to religion, seeking the infallible imams, seeking intercession from the imams are the main content in mystical and religious trends. And he has written the educational content with the elements of religion and mysticism. A small part of his poems is lyrical, which is more in Arabic poems than in Persian.

Sheikh Bahāyi is a bilingual poet who wrote to Persian poetry and poetry in Arabic, which was his First language, In the comparative comparison of his poetry, there are stylistic similarities in the linguistic structure, rhetoric and content. He has written poetry in Persian and Arabic with a simple language, common rhetoric of literature and common mystical and religious thought.

This article describes and examines some similar and common themes from Egyptian and Chinese myths and considers their compatibility with ancient Iranian mythology reflected in our national epic, Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Among the Iranian texts, Bandesh and Avesta books and some Pahlavi books have been mentioned; But the direct source for extracting evidence and scientific documents has been the epic poems of the Shahnameh.

The research method is descriptive-analytical (explanation and interpretation) and the working method is a library based on the comparison and comparison of mythological texts. In this article, the slips in which the data and results of studies and reviews are written were used.

The reason for the very close similarities and kinships in the central principles of the mythological beliefs of the three countries was seen in two points. First, the natural and inherent foundation of human reasoning and mentality; And other geographical links from Africa and Asia and the existence of the silk trade road, which was the communication highway of cultures. In addition, Iran's military-political domination over Egypt in the Achaemenid era. On the other hand, atmospheric factors, rain, and huge rivers are natural myth-making factors that have strengthened similar beliefs in all three ancient lands of Egypt, China, and Iran with the growth of agriculture.

In this article, several key themes such as the Golden Age, ruling over the clouds and wind, transfiguration, kinship marriage, and rites of elimination have been examined.

Sociological criticism of the novel as an indicator of the sociology of literature investigates the effect of society on the content of the work and also the effect of the content of the work on society. This essay examines the novel "Rud-e- Ravi" by Abu Torab Khosravi using Lucien Goldman's developmental constructivism approach and we have tried to analyze the political and social structures governing the author's and society's mental space.

The present research will try to show the social atmosphere that governs the world of the author with documentary method, analysis and criticism of the text along with evidence, in order to state that the political, social and cultural structures of the Iranian society in the formation of the author's mental structures and the emergence of this What is the impact of the novel and what is the relationship between the structures of the society and the structures of the novel.

By carefully examining the components considered in this novel, it was found that this novel is a completely social work and a product of the author's mentality and ideological thinking, in which, while examining the social and cultural developments of the society of his era, it is a reflection of social realities. and has shown the ruler of the society.

The findings show that this novel was written in a space with postmodernist elements, and uncertainty is seen as the most indicative postmodernist linguistic element of this work. Components such as metafiction and multiple endings have placed this novel in the ranks of postmodernist novels. In addition, the postmodern atmosphere of the novel has depicted an atmosphere of the society of the time of the work, which expresses sectarian and religious concerns and shows a superstitious atmosphere in it. The audience faces a surreal and ambiguous atmosphere where several stories are moving in parallel and traces of truth and illusion are placed together.

Hamid Mossadegh is one of the poets of contemporary poetry. political, social and romantic content is prominent in his intellectual style. In this article, his poems are analyzed with the aim of examining the worldview of the poet and the meaningful structure of his poem content with the social and political structures of the society with the theory of " Genetic Structuralism " by Lucien Goldman.

The type of study is research, library, and the tool for collecting article information is phishing. It was written in a descriptive and analytical way based on Goldman's theory. The statistical population is Mossadegh's poetry collection "Ta Rahai".

The main themes of Hamid Mossadegh's poetry in intellectual style are struggle, resistance, love, sorrow, despair in political, social and lyrical content, which is written in a meaningful structure, in line with the social structure of influential classes, and is influenced by the group of resistance movement and romanticism. In the level of perception and the objective structure of the text, with the use of simple words, language that is far from, epic and intimate tone, the use of mythological and epic symbols, similes and repetition, he brought his worldview and was able to explain social issues in the level of interpretation. The society troubled by tyranny, people's desperation to improve the situation, sadness from people's unkindness to each other is the real awareness (existing awareness of the society) which has been described in the social structure, but with the possible consciousness has brought these themes, resistance, kindness, love and loyalty.

Mossadegh's poems are a redefinition of the overall structure of his society. His worldview is based on resistance and love, according to Goldman's sociology, his poems are a reflection of the worldview of resistance groups and romanticists.

Nader Ebrahimi is one of the most prominent literary figures of the Persian language in the contemporary era, who has created works in various fields. As a popular writer, he has represented his approaches in relation to the conditions of the society of the time and its demographic layers and has reflected individual and group demands in his works, among these works are the Ghazal stories of the bad years. In the realization of this goal, the use of means has been effective. Paul Simpson has a special place among the literary critics who have provided extensive and thoughtful comments on the subject. While introducing the four aspects of imperative, commitment, epistemology and perception, he has described components for each. The aim of the present research is to investigate the examples of the four aspects in the mentioned work and to explain the secondary purposes of Ebrahimi from the work of each aspect.

The article was compiled based on library sources and descriptive-analytical method.

Ebrahimi has used more epistemic and perceptual aspects in this work and has represented the conditions from his point of view by using adverbs, adjectives and verbs. Also, it was found that the author started the process of influencing the audience from the structural layers of the text and transferred it to the deeper layers in order to strengthen his speech - which mainly had a political, social, and cultural charge - in the verbal and content layers.

Ebrahimi has tried to explain his criticisms by using the concept of Mode and challenge the foundations of the political system of the time by properly using the capacities of Mode systems.

Rumi's Masnavi is one of the valuable classical texts of the Persian language. The concepts of this multidimensional work can be researched from different angles. Rumi communicates with his audience in the best way by using literary techniques and paves the way for his goal of education.

The present study investigates the innovative uses of expression in attracting the audience of Masnavi Manavi in the six books of this system with a descriptive-analytical method.

Those arts of expression and originality that help the general audience to understand the didactic subjects of Masnavi are more impressive and tangible.

In the science of expression, simile is more common than metaphor, and in metaphor, the type of metaphor seems to be more widely used. Also, "repetition" and adaptation types are more used in creative word industries. In the original spiritual arts, the poet has used more types of propriety and parables in his poems to attract and educate the audience, and these arts help the poet in attracting the attention of the audience and educating them.

"Silence", despite all its angles and dimensions, is one of the secrets of human excellence in the stages of the mystical journey. In this discourse, when language and mind reach the position of silence; God speaks in the language of mystics and accepts mute speech. Molavi is one of the mystics who emphasizes on "silence of language and mind" and of course this aspect of Molavi's speech has been discussed in the form of numerous researches. On the other hand, one of the contemporary thinkers in the field of Western mysticism and philosophy, who in epistemological fields, has a lot of similarities with Molavi's thought, especially in the category of "silence". It is "Nikos Kazantzakis" who in this article examines the concept of silence, its importance and functions, and its causes and factors.

The research method in this article is a comparative analysis and its purpose is to understand and understand the way and logic of Molavi and Kazantzakis's thinking in the discussion of silence and examine its types, methods and benefits in the fields of belief, desire and behavior. In this research, with the aim of investigating the concept of silence, the most important works of Moulawi (Mathnavi and Divan Kabir) and Kazantzakis (Report to the soil of Greece, lost in the right path, Zorba the Greek, Sufism and spiritual experiences) have been examined.

The findings of the research show that there are many similarities in the thought of Molavi and Kazantzakis despite the intellectual and discourse differences. In the opinion of these two wise thinkers, talkativeness is the biggest mental and psychological pest and damage, the most important result of which is soul contamination and lack of excellence.

The silence of the language leads to the silence of the mind and as a result prepares a person to hear the "call of God".

Ebrahim Golestan is one of the pioneers of contemporary story writers. His works are a full-view mirror of the social and human developments of the Iranian society, therefore, in the upcoming research, the story of "Khorus", including the long stories of Golestan, has been examined from the perspective of the sociology of personality to reflect the society and its changes in the actions of the characters in the story. be shown

This research has investigated some sociological theories of personality with a descriptive-analytical approach and using library studies. In the meantime, the components that overlapped according to the mentioned theory were extracted and then analyzed by the fish vector method.

Based on the available findings, this story symbolically reflects the effects of the August 28 coup in Iranian society and the relationship between the Shah's government and the people. The contrast between tradition and modernity is one of the most frequent concepts that the author has mentioned in the processing of characters.

The results of this research indicate that Ebrahim Golestan has been successful in representing the conflicting relationship between the text and the social conditions of Iran. Through dynamic and comprehensive characterizations, he creates numerous symbols that represent the superstitious and naive classes in opposition to people protesting the conditions of society. In the form of a narrator, he indirectly criticizes and scrutinizes the troubled situation of Iran in the 1930s and 1940s.

Among the various periods of Iran's political, social and cultural history from various aspects including mysticism and Sufism, the Qajar era has received less attention from researchers; This is despite the fact that the spread of mysticism and Sufism in Iran led to the writing of many mystical books and manuscripts during this period. The purpose of this research is to clarify the topics and intellectual contexts and flow of reasons for paying attention to Sufism in mystical books, including manuscripts.

The research method in this descriptive-analytical essay is based on library studies.

In the political, social and cultural history of Iran, the period of Qajar rule has special characteristics that distinguish it from other periods; The Qajar era was a time of important changes in Iranian society. The different thoughts of the Qajar kings in supporting the mystics, the people's disillusionment with the political, social, economic and cultural situations and conditions, and turning away from the salus and delusions of some scholars of the age, created the arena for the emergence and re-emergence of mystical tendencies and clinging to the mystics to solve spiritual problems. and to create peace of mind among different sections of the society.

After the extinction of the Safavid rule, various factors including the support of the Qajar kings to Sufism and mysticism, including the sect of Nematullahiyya, the people's disillusionment with the economic and political conditions that caused mysticism to be considered as a refuge and refuge, The continuous and persistent efforts of some elders and leaders of Sufism in the direction of propagating and spreading mystical ideas, paying attention to the art of calligraphy, and the dissatisfaction of many people in the society with the scholars and ascetics of the era, all caused attention to the category of mysticism, the spread of mystical books and manuscript writing. It was during this time.

Jangannameh, written by Mirza Hassan Atashi Shirazi (13th century AH), is a poem in Farsi about the battles of Imam Ali (a.s.) and the successors of the Shia imams, and it is one of the religious epics, half of which is written in Bahr Mutaqar and the other half in The format of the poem is written and the exact date of its composition is not known. This work is among the works of popular literature and was written under the influence of the thoughts and emotions of the masses of people, and from this point of view, examining the historical sources of its stories will be worthy of attention in order to understand the thoughts ruling the minds of the general public in the 13th century of Hijri.

The work method is descriptive-analytical and it was done with library tools. In this essay, the researcher is looking for the answer to the question, from what sources did Atashi get the stories of this war book?

In composing this work, the poet has used ancient historical sources, verses, traditions and stories, as well as some stories that were popular among the common people during the poet's time. In the meantime, he also mentioned stories that have no historical roots and seem to be made up by the minds of the common people and storytellers.

The author has taken the famous historical stories such as the Battle of Kheyber, the story of Umar ibn Abdud, and the birth of Hazrat Rasool from various ancient sources, and he has taken the fictitious stories of the battle with demons and dragons from storytellers and common people.

The ability to transform a literary work, especially a novel or a short story into a cinematic narrative, requires examining the style and context of the author of that work. Therefore, the basis of any scientific research must necessarily be evaluated in the framework of a specific theory or theory, but according to the subject of the present article, which is within the limits of cinematographic literature, no valid and reliable model or approach was found. Therefore, the authors of this article have analyzed the two fictional works "Homa" and "Ziba" written by Mohammad Hijazi with a stylistic analysis in order to answer the question from an intellectual and literary point of view, whether these two works can be converted into screenplays or not?

This research is based on library studies, with a descriptive-analytical approach. The statistical population of this research is the two long stories "Homa" and "Ziba" written by Mohammad Hijazi, which have been examined in the form of stylistics, in two intellectual and literary contexts.

The findings of this research indicate that Mohammad Hijazi used both the schools of realism and romanticism. His similes have a high frequency in characterizing and describing the inner states of the characters. The use of Arabic words, market alleys, and in some cases aristocratic terms, which are the characteristics of the school of romanticism, has given his language a distinct color from other writers. The physical and psychological dimensions of the characters are introduced to the audience of the work.

The stories "Ziba" and "Homa" are among the works of Mohammad Hijazi, which, due to the way of characterization and the use of appropriate story elements, have the ability to be transformed into drama narratives or screenplays; Especially, both works are planned on the centrality of "women" and their relationship with society, which is one of the most popular narrative themes in Iranian and world cinema.