Investigating the grounds and effects of the "self" and "other" in poemes of Ahmad Shamloo (based on Bakhtin's theory)

The concept of "I" or "self" in contrast with another, in addition to formulating differences, distinctions or contrasts, deals with a deeper issue, namely the discovery of individual and social identity, which in contemporary literature and due to the proximity of literary works to society and social aspects, has a bolder effect. "I and the other" in the macro dimension is organized by the dual opposition of good and evil, and in the next layers, national, religious, ideological, etc. distinctions continue this duality. The meaning of the other is a person, group, race or class that is defined as an outsider by religion, religion, ideology, social class, political view and nationality. This research aims to find and analyze the effects of confrontation and interaction of "self and other" in the poems of Ahmad Shamloo by examining Shamloo"s poems based on Bakhtin"s theory.

The analytical model of this research is based on the descriptive-analytical model, which collected data and evidence from the example of Ahmad Shamloo"s poems with a library method, and then analyzed it based on Bakhtin"s theory of otherness.

In the past and based on the thinking and attitude that was influenced by the traditional teachings of ancient societies, people rarely heard the opposing voice, which caused a continuous confrontation between themselves and others, and this issue is reflected in ancient literary works and texts. In today"s modern world, this confrontation and monotony has given its place to findings such as interaction and polyphony, and parallel to this tremendous change in people"s thoughts and relationships, it has gradually been manifested in the writings and poems of contemporary authors. Among the contemporary poets and writers in our country who apparently benefited from the theory of this Russian thinker in his works and poems is Ahmad Shamloo.

Shamloo"s political activities and political attitude make him stand out and distinguish him from other contemporary poets, and of course, the similarity of the time when Shamloo lived in terms of the tyrannical and suffocating environment with Stalin"s dictatorship period in the Soviet Union during his lifetime and that both were political fighters. It is noteworthy. Shamloo is so immersed in his political life that he sees everything through the lens of politics, even love, and in fact he sees poetry as a tool to express political goals and serve the struggle. In a word, according to Shamloo, an "insider" is someone who has the same political views as him and fights for freedom, and "other" in his opinion is anyone who does not step on the path of freedom or is an obstacle to achieving freedom.