Effect of pyroligneous acid application and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (Glomus Genus) on growth, yield and fatty acids of Lallemantia iberica in poor soils

Optimum use of chemical and biological fertilizers and balanced plant nutrition as the most important soil fertility factors are among the priorities of agricultural sectors. In order to evaluate the simultaneous use of pyroligneous and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the Glomus genus on the growth and yield of the Lallemantia iberica medicinal plant in poor soils, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design was conducted in 2022. In this experiment, the first factor included pyroligneous with three levels (no application, application of 2 and 4 liters per hectare), and the second factor included arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the Glomus genus (no inoculation, seed inoculation with fungi, seed + soil inoculation with fungi) was performed in three replicates. The results showed that the traits of plant height, 1000 seed weight, biomass, seed yield, harvest index, oil percentage and oil yield were significantly affected by the interaction of pyroligneous and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi. The highest amount of seed yield (2038 kg/ha) in the application of 2 liters per hectare of pyroligneous and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi, and the highest oil percentage (25.11%) and oil yield (487.95 kg/ha) were related to the treatment of using 4 liters of pyroligneous per hectare and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi. Palmitic, linolenic, oleic, linoleic, palmitoleic and stearic fatty acids were significantly affected by pyroligneous inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi. The use of pyroligneous and inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi reduced all fatty acids except linolenic acid, so that all levels of pyroligneous, seed inoculation, and seed + soil inoculation could increase the amount of linolenic acid compared with the non-inoculation treatment. In general, it can be concluded that simultaneous application of pyroligneous at the rate of 2 liters per hectare and inoculation of seeds + soil with mycorrhizal fungi is considered a desirable treatment to obtain high seed and oil yield of Lallemantia iberica plants in poor soils.