Attar's Mantegh-al-teir and Dialogism

Dialogism is one if those theories in which the language and speech are seen as a social phenomenon. This theory which has had a significant impact on later critics and theorists has opened up new horizons for reading different texts through two main forms of polyphony and monophony. This study intends to analyze the degree of correspondence of this theory with Attar's narrative of “Revolution of Birds toward Phoenix” based on the dialogism of Mikhail Bakhtin. Further, it represents the elements like the truth, unity, and the relationship between the disciple and tutor makes a monophonic text from Mantegh-al-teir (language of the birds); however, there are some cases which have made the text polyphony. One of these cases is advancing the narrative by dialogue which causes the voice of other characters to be heard besides the writer's voice. Moreover, Hoopoe’s emphasis on the mass movement and emergence of otherness which leads to the collapse of the transcendental personality in Hoopoe, has also given a polyphony feature to Mantegh-al-teir by carnival of atmosphere and some signs of parody and stylization.